📚 Year 7 CIE Media Studies: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | CIE 媒体研究七年级：公式定理速查手册
This guide gathers the essential formulas, rules, and theorems that every Year 7 Media Studies student needs to know. Think of these not as mathematical equations but as powerful tools to decode media texts – from camera angles to colour theory. Keep this handbook close when you analyse film clips, advertisements, or news articles.
本手册汇集了每位七年级媒体研究学生必须掌握的基本公式、规则和定理。请把它们想象成解码媒体文本的强大工具，而非数学方程——从镜头角度到色彩理论。在你分析电影片段、广告或新闻文章时，随时查阅本速查手册。
1. The Six-Shot Rule | 六大景别公式
Every scene you analyse can be broken down using the six-shot rule: Extreme Long Shot (ELS), Long Shot (LS), Medium Shot (MS), Close-Up (CU), Extreme Close-Up (ECU), and Over-the-Shoulder shot (OTS). Each shot reveals a different level of detail and emotional distance.
你分析的每一场戏都可以用六大景别公式来拆解：大远景（ELS）、远景（LS）、中景（MS）、特写（CU）、大特写（ECU）和过肩镜头（OTS）。每一种景别都展现了不同程度的细节和情感距离。
- ELS: Establishing location, setting mood – characters appear tiny.
- LS: Full body visible, showing action and environment.
- MS: Waist up, useful for dialogue and gestures.
- CU: Focus on face or object, reveals emotion.
- ECU: Extreme detail – eyes, a ring, a button – intense focus.
- OTS: Over a character's shoulder to connect them with what they see.
- 大远景：交代地点，营造氛围——人物显得渺小。
- 远景：看到全身，展示动作和环境。
- 中景：腰部以上，适合对话和手势。
- 特写：聚焦面部或物体，揭示情感。
- 大特写：极致细节——眼睛、戒指、纽扣——强化聚焦。
- 过肩镜头：越过人物肩膀，将其与所见之物连接起来。
2. Camera Angle Navigation Theorem | 镜头角度导航定理
quality. A Dutch tilt (canted angle) signals imbalance, tension, or something being wrong.
镜头角度改变了观众感知权力的方式。定理：仰角 = 赋予主体权力；俯角 = 削弱主体权力；平视角度 = 平等。荷兰式倾斜（倾斜角度）则暗示失衡、紧张或差错。
Memorise this: Low angle makes a character look dominant. High angle makes them look vulnerable. If the frame is tilted, expect instability. Combine angle with shot size for precise analysis.
请记住：仰角让人物显得强势。俯角让他们显得脆弱。若画面倾斜，则预示着不稳定。将角度与景别结合，可进行精准分析。
3. Mise-en-Scène Equation | 场面调度方程式
Mise-en-scè Props + Lighting + Costume + Makeup + Actor positioning + Facial expression. Each element carries meaning – nothing appears by accident.
场面调度是置于镜头前的一切事物。其公式为：M-S = 场景 + 道具 + 灯光 + 服装 + 化妆 + 演员站位 + 面部表情。每个元素都承载着含义——没有偶然的存在。
When you analyse, ask: What does the setting tell us about time and place? What do the props symbolise? How does lighting create mood? Costume and makeup reveal character's identity. The way actors are placed in the frame shows relationships. Facial expressions communicate inner thoughts.
分析时请问自己：场景告诉我们什么时间和地点信息？道具象征什么？灯光如何营造情绪？服装与化妆揭示角色身份。演员在画面中的位置展现关系。面部表情传达内心想法。
4. Lighting Pattern Law | 照明模式定律
igh contrast, creating mystery or threat (noir, horror). Three-point lighting is the standard: Key light (main) + Fill light (softens shadows) + Back light (separates subject from background).
照明遵循清晰的模式：高调照明 = 明亮、均匀、低对比度（常见于喜剧、情景喜剧）。低调照明 = 深阴影、高对比度，制造神秘或威胁感（黑色电影、恐怖片）。三点照明是标准配置：主光（主要光源）+ 辅助光（柔化阴影）+ 背光（将主体与背景分离）。
Remember the 'chiaroscuro' effect – extreme light and dark together to suggest inner conflict. Colour temperature also matters: warm orange/yellow suggests comfort; cold blue suggests isolation or technology.
记住“明暗对照”效果——极端的明暗并存暗示内心冲突。色温也很重要：暖色调橙/黄暗示舒适；冷色调蓝暗示孤独或科技感。
5. Colour Meaning Theorem | 色彩含义定理
growth. Yellow = happiness, caution, energy. Black = evil, elegance, mystery. White = purity, innocence, emptiness. Purple = royalty, luxury, magic.
色彩像一种代码。定理指出：红色 = 危险、激情、爱、愤怒。蓝色 = 冷静、悲伤、信任、寒冷。绿色 = 自然、嫉妒、病态、成长。黄色 = 快乐、谨慎、活力。黑色 = 邪恶、优雅、神秘。白色 = 纯洁、天真、空虚。紫色 = 王权、奢华、魔法。
In media texts, colour palettes are deliberate. A character wearing red in a crowd of grey instantly draws attention. Desaturation (removing colour) often signals flashback or a cold emotional state. Always note which colours dominate a scene.
在媒体文本中，色彩搭配是刻意的。在一片灰色人群中穿着红色的角色会立刻吸引注意。去饱和度（移除色彩）通常预示闪回或冰冷的情感状态。始终注意场景中占主导地位的颜色。
6. Sound Codebook | 声音密码本
Sound is divided into diegetic (sound the characters can hear) and non-diegetic (sound only the audience hears, like background music). The rule: Diegetic sound builds realism; non-diegetic sound guides emotion. Sound bridge links two scenes through continuous audio. Synchronous sound matches action; asynchronous sound deliberately mismatches for effect.
声音分为画内音（角色能听到的声音）和画外音（只有观众能听到的声音，如背景音乐）。规则：画内音构建真实感；画外音引导情绪。声音桥通过连续音频连接两个场景。同步声配合动作；非同步声故意不匹配以造成效果。
Key sound terms: Foley (everyday sounds added in post-production, like footsteps). Sound motif (a recurring sound associated with a character or idea). Score is the original music composed for the film. Sudden silence can be the most powerful 'sound' of all.
关键声音术语：拟音（后期添加的日常音效，如脚步声）。声音母题（与角色或观念相关联的重复出现的声音）。配乐是专为影片创作的原创音乐。突如其来的寂静可能是最有力的“声音”。
7. Editing Speed and Rhythm Formula | 剪辑速度与节奏公式
g takes) allows contemplation and builds tension differently. The formula: Shot duration in seconds × number of cuts per minute = rhythm intensity.
剪辑节奏控制着观众的兴奋度。快速剪辑（短时间内多个短镜头连在一起）构建能量、混乱或紧迫感。慢速剪辑（长镜头）允许沉思并以不同方式制造紧张感。公式：镜头秒数 × 每分钟切换次数 = 节奏强度。
Match on action: cutting from one shot to another while the subject's action continues seamlessly. Jump cut: deliberately jarring edit that breaks continuity to shock or compress time. Cross-cutting (parallel editing) shows two events happening at the same time in different places.
动作衔接：从一个镜头切到另一个镜头，而主体动作无缝延续。跳接：故意制造不连贯的剪辑以打破连贯性，达到惊吓或压缩时间的效果。交叉剪辑（平行蒙太奇）展示在不同地点同时发生的两个事件。
8. Narrative Structure Theorem | 叙事结构定理
All stories follow Todorov' epair (quest, journey) → New equilibrium (resolution, sometimes changed). This five-stage model fits nearly every film and advert.
所有故事都遵循托多罗夫的叙事公式：平衡（稳定的开端）→ 打破平衡（问题出现）→ 承认失衡（角色意识到问题）→ 尝试修复（探索、旅程）→ 新的平衡（解决，有时发生变化）。这一五阶段模型几乎适用于每一部电影和广告。
Propp's character types also help: hero, villain, donor, helper, princess (or sought-for person), dispatcher, false hero. Not all characters appear in every story, but recognising these roles uncovers deeper patterns.
普罗普的角色类型同样有用：英雄、反派、捐赠者、帮手、公主（或被寻找之人）、派遣者、假英雄。并非每个故事都会出现所有角色，但识别这些角色能揭示更深层次的结构模式。
9. Representation Check Formula | 再现检验公式
Every media representation is a construction, not reality. The check formula: Age + Gender + Ethnicity + Social class + Ability + Region. For each category, ask: How is this group shown? What stereotypes are used or challenged? Who is empowered and who is marginalised?
每一种媒体再现都是一种建构，而非现实。检验公式：年龄 + 性别 + 族群 + 社会阶层 + 能力 + 地域。针对每一类别提问：这个群体被如何呈现？运用了或挑战了哪些刻板印象？谁被赋予了权力，谁被边缘化？
Stereotypes are simplified generalisations: the grumpy old person, the helpless princess, the mysterious foreigner. Countertypes reverse stereotypes. Always examine if the representation is positive, negative, or complex.
刻板印象是简化的概括：坏脾气老人、无助公主、神秘外国人。反刻板印象则颠倒固有模式。务必审视再现是正面的、负面的还是复杂的。
10. Media Industry Value Law | 媒介产业价值定律
ng, subscriptions, ticket sales) − Costs (cast, equipment, marketing). Conglomerates own multiple companies across different media; synergy occurs when one product is promoted across these branches (e.g., a film's soundtrack released on the same company's music label).
媒介产品存在是为了盈利和传递意识形态。价值定律：生产利润 = 收益（广告、订阅、票房）− 成本（演员、设备、营销）。媒介集团拥有跨不同媒介的多家公司；当某一产品在这些分支中进行交叉推广时（例如，电影的配乐在同一公司的音乐厂牌发行），就产生了协同效应。
Public service broadcasters (like the BBC) follow a different rule: inform, educate, entertain – funded by licence fee, not advertising. Commercial broadcasters rely on ratings and advertisers.
公共服务广播机构（如英国广播公司）遵循不同的规则：告知、教育、娱乐——由收视授权费资助，而非广告。商业广播机构则依赖收视率和广告商。
11. Audience Engagement Theorem | 受众参与定理
Audiences are not passive sponges. Uses and gratifications theorem states that media fulfils four needs: information (surveillance), personal identity (finding ourselves in stories), social interaction (discussing media with others), and entertainment (escapism).
受众并非被动的海绵。使用与满足定理指出，媒介满足四种需求：信息获取（监测环境）、个人认同（在故事中找到自我）、社会互动（与他人讨论媒介内容）和娱乐（逃避现实）。
Target audience can be defined by demographics (age, gender, income) and psychographics (lifestyle, values). A media text encodes a preferred reading – what the producer wants you to think – but audiences can negotiate or even oppose that reading.
目标受众可通过人口统计学（年龄、性别、收入）和心理描绘（生活方式、价值观）进行定义。一个媒介文本编码了偏好式解读——制作人希望你如何思考——但受众可以协商乃至对抗这种解读。
12. Media Language Quick Decoder Ring | 媒介语言速译环
cription. Connotation = associated meanings. For example, a rose (denotation) connotes love, romance, or even danger if it has thorns in a dark scene.
将媒介语言想象成连接能指（你看到或听到之物）与所指（含义）的解码环。符号学规则：明示义 = 字面描述。隐含义 = 关联意义。例如，一朵玫瑰（明示义）在黑暗场景中若有刺，则隐含着爱、浪漫甚至危险。
Code: a system of signs that create meaning. Technical codes (camera, editing), symbolic codes (colours, body language), and written codes (captions, headlines). All three layers work together. When analysing, peel back each layer.
编码：一种创造意义的符号系统。技术编码（镜头、剪辑），象征编码（色彩、肢体语言），以及书写编码（字幕、标题）。这三层编码共同作用。分析时，逐层剥开。
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