📚 CIE Year 7 Music: Core Knowledge Review | CIE 七年级音乐：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your CIE Year 7 Music revision guide. Understanding the core elements of music is essential for both performing and listening. This article covers rhythm, pitch, dynamics, instruments, texture, form, scales, world music, famous composers, and listening tips to help you build a solid foundation.
欢迎来到 CIE 七年级音乐复习指南。理解音乐的核心要素对演奏和聆听都至关重要。本文涵盖节奏、音高、力度、乐器、织体、曲式、音阶、世界音乐、著名作曲家以及听力技巧，帮助你打下坚实基础。
1. Rhythm and Note Values | 节奏与音符时值
In music, rhythm is the pattern of sounds and silences organised in time. Notes tell us how long to play or sing a pitch, while rests indicate periods of silence. Mastering note values and rests is the first step to reading and writing rhythms accurately.
在音乐中，节奏是声音与静默在时间中有组织地排列。音符告诉我们演奏或演唱一个音高要持续多长，而休止符则表示静默的时长。掌握音符时值和休止符是准确读写节奏的第一步。
| Note Name | Symbol | Rest Description | Duration (in 4/4) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Semibreve (Whole note) | ♩ (open notehead, no stem) | Whole rest – small rectangle hanging from the 4th line | 4 beats |
| Minim (Half note) | ♩ (open notehead with stem) | Half rest – small rectangle sitting on the 3rd line | 2 beats |
| Crotchet (Quarter note) | ♩ (filled notehead with stem) | Quarter rest – squiggly symbol ♩ | 1 beat |
| Quaver (Eighth note) | ♪ (filled notehead, stem and flag) | Eighth rest – single slash with a curl | 1/2 beat |
| Semiquaver (Sixteenth note) | ♬ (filled notehead, stem and two flags) | Sixteenth rest – double slash with a curl | 1/4 beat |
Each note value is exactly half the length of the next larger value. For example, one semibreve equals two minims, one minim equals two crotchets, and so on. Dotted notes add half of the original value again, so a dotted minim lasts for 3 beats. Ties join two notes of the same pitch, adding their lengths together.
每个音符时值恰好是下一个更大时值的一半。例如，一个全音符等于两个二分音符，一个二分音符等于两个四分音符，依此类推。附点音符在原有基础上再增加一半时值，因此附点二分音符持续3拍。连音线将两个同音高的音符连起来，把它们的时长相加。
Time signatures appear at the start of a piece, with the top number showing how many beats are in each bar and the bottom number indicating what kind of note counts as one beat. Common time signatures in Year 7 are 4/4 (four crotchet beats per bar), 3/4 (three crotchet beats) and 2/4 (two crotchet beats). 4/4 is often called common time and may be shown with a C symbol.
拍号出现在乐曲开头，上方数字表示每小节有几拍，下方数字表示以何种音符为一拍。七年级常见的拍号是 4/4（每小节四个四分音符拍）、3/4（三个四分音符拍）和 2/4（两个四分音符拍）。4/4 常被称为普通拍子，有时用 C 符号表示。
2. Pitch and the Stave | 音高与五线谱
Pitch refers to how high or low a note sounds. We write pitch on a five-line staff (or stave). Notes are placed on the lines and in the spaces between them. The higher the note on the stave, the higher the pitch. A clef at the beginning tells us which pitches the lines and spaces represent.
音高指一个音符听起来是高还是低。我们把音高写在五线谱上。音符可以放在线上，也可以放在间里。在谱表上位置越高，音高就越高。谱号开头的谱号告诉我们线与间代表什么音高。
The treble clef (♩) curls around the second line, naming it G above middle C. It is used for higher instruments like the violin, flute, trumpet and the right hand of the piano. The bass clef (♩) has two dots beside the fourth line, naming that line F below middle C. It is for lower instruments such as the cello, bassoon, trombone and the left hand of the piano.
高音谱号 (♩) 环绕着第二线，该线称为中央 C 上方的 G。它用于较高的乐器，如小提琴、长笛、小号和钢琴右手部分。低音谱号 (♩) 在第四线旁边有两个圆点，该线称为中央 C 下方的 F。它用于较低的乐器，如大提琴、巴松管、长号和钢琴左手部分。
Accidentals alter the pitch of a note. A sharp (♯) raises it by one semitone, a flat (♭) lowers it by one semitone, and a natural (♮) cancels a previous sharp or flat. Semitones are the smallest interval used in most Western music; two semitones make one whole tone.
变音记号改变音符的音高。升号 (♯) 升高一个半音，降号 (♭) 降低一个半音，还原号 (♮) 取消之前的升号或降号。半音是大多数西方音乐中使用的最小音程；两个半音构成一个全音。
3. Dynamics and Tempo | 力度与速度
Dynamics tell performers how loudly or softly to play. The most common dynamic markings are Italian terms and their abbreviations: pianissimo (pp) – very soft, piano (p) – soft, mezzo-piano (mp) – moderately soft, mezzo-forte (mf) – moderately loud, forte (f) – loud, fortissimo (ff) – very loud. Gradual changes are indicated by crescendo (getting louder) and diminuendo or decrescendo (getting softer).
力度告诉演奏者该用多大音量演奏。最常见的力度标记是意大利术语及其缩写：pianissimo (pp) – 非常弱，piano (p) – 弱，mezzo-piano (mp) – 中弱，mezzo-forte (mf) – 中强，forte (f) – 强，fortissimo (ff) – 非常强。渐进变化用 crescendo（渐强）和 diminuendo 或 decrescendo（渐弱）表示。
ly), Adagio (slow and easy), Andante (at a walking pace), Moderato (moderately), Allegro (fast, cheerful), Presto (very fast). A metronome marking, such as ♩ = 120, gives an exact number of beats per minute.
速度是脉搏或节拍的速度。它通常在开头用意大利术语给出。从慢到快，关键速度术语为：Largo（非常慢，庄严）、Adagio（缓慢而从容）、Andante（如行走的速度）、Moderato（中速）、Allegro（快板，活泼）、Presto（非常快）。节拍器标记，如 ♩ = 120，则给出每分钟精确的拍数。
4. Instrument Families | 乐器家族
Orchestral instruments are grouped into four main families according to how they produce sound. Recognising instruments by ear and by sight is an important skill in Year 7 Music.
管弦乐乐器根据发声方式分为四个主要家族。通过听觉与视觉辨认乐器是七年级音乐的一项重要技能。
Strings: violin, viola, cello, double bass and harp. Sound is produced by drawing a bow across the strings or by plucking (pizzicato). The string family forms the backbone of the orchestra, with violins often carrying the melody.
弦乐器：小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴和竖琴。通过用弓摩擦琴弦产生声音，或用手拨弦（拨奏）。弦乐家族是管弦乐队的支柱，小提琴通常演奏旋律。
Woodwinds: flute, piccolo, oboe, clarinet, bassoon. Sound is created by blowing air across an edge (flute) or through a reed. Single-reed instruments include the clarinet; double-reed instruments include the oboe and bassoon.
木管乐器：长笛、短笛、双簧管、单簧管、巴松管。通过吹气使空气流过边棱（长笛）或簧片来发声。单簧片乐器包括单簧管；双簧片乐器包括双簧管和巴松管。
Brass: trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba. The player buzzes their lips into a cup-shaped mouthpiece, causing the air column inside the metal tube to vibrate. The trombone uses a slide to change pitch, while the others use valves.
铜管乐器：小号、法国号、长号、大号。演奏者将嘴唇振动吹入杯形号嘴，使金属管内的空气柱振动。长号用滑管改变音高，其他乐器用活塞。
Percussion: divided into tuned percussion (timpani, xylophone, glockenspiel) and untuned percussion (snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle). Percussion instruments are hit, shaken or scraped and provide rhythm, colour and emphasis.
打击乐器：分为有调打击乐器（定音鼓、木琴、钟琴）和无调打击乐器（小军鼓、大鼓、钹、三角铁）。打击乐器通过敲击、摇晃或刮擦发声，提供节奏、色彩与强调。
5. Texture in Music | 音乐织体
Texture describes how musical layers blend together. The three main textures studied in Year 7 are monophonic, homophonic and polyphonic.
织体描述音乐层次是如何融合在一起的。七年级学习的三种主要织体是单音织体、主调织体和复调织体。
Monophonic texture consists of a single melodic line without any accompaniment. It may be sung or played by one person or many in unison. A solo flute melody or a group singing the same tune is monophonic.
单音织体由一条无伴奏的单旋律组成。它可以由一个人或多人齐唱、齐奏。一支独奏长笛旋律或一群人同唱一个曲调，都是单音织体。
Homophonic texture features a clear main melody supported by chords. This is the most common texture in pop songs, hymns and much classical music. The melody stands out while the accompaniment provides a harmonic background.
主调织体以一条清晰的主旋律辅以和弦支撑为特征。这是流行歌曲、赞美诗和许多古典音乐中最常见的织体。旋律突出，伴奏提供和声背景。
Polyphonic texture weaves together two or more independent melodies of equal importance. It is sometimes called contrapuntal texture. A round like 'Frère Jacques' and a fugue by Bach are classic examples of polyphony.
复调织体将两条或两条以上同等重要的独立旋律交织在一起。它有时也被称为对位织体。轮唱曲如《两只老虎》以及巴赫的赋格都是复调的经典例子。
6. Musical Form and Structure | 曲式结构
Form describes the overall plan of a piece of music – how sections are ordered and contrasted. Understanding form helps performers interpret the music and listeners follow its journey.
曲式描述一部音乐作品的总体布局——乐段如何排列与对比。理解曲式有助于演奏者诠释音乐，也有助于聆听者跟随其进程。
Binary form (AB) has two contrasting sections, often both repeated. Section A usually ends in a different key, and section B brings the music home. Many Baroque dances, such as minuets, are in binary form.
二段体 (AB) 有两个对比乐段，通常各自反复。A 段常结束在另一调性上，B 段使音乐回归主调。许多巴洛克舞曲，如小步舞曲，采用二段体。
Ternary form (ABA) opens with an A section, moves to a contrasting B section, and then returns to a repeat of A. The return can be exact or varied. The 'Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star' melody is a simple ternary structure.
三段体 (ABA) 以 A 段开始，进入对比的 B 段，然后回到 A 段的重复。回归可能完全一样或有所变化。《小星星》的旋律就是一个简单的三段体结构。
Rondo form (ABACA...) keeps returning to a main theme (A) with contrasting episodes in between. Theme and variations presents a theme and then alters it with changes in rhythm, harmony, articulation or instrumentation.
回旋曲式 (ABACA...) 不断回到主题 (A)，中间插入对比的插部。主题与变奏则先呈示主题，然后通过改变节奏、和声、奏法或配器来变化主题。
7. Scales and Tonality | 音阶与调性
A scale is a series of notes arranged in ascending or descending order of pitch. The most familiar scale is the major scale, which has a bright, happy character. Its pattern of intervals is: tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone (T T S T T T S). For example, C major uses only the white keys: C D E F G A B C.
音阶是按照音高顺序上行或下行排列的一系列音符。最熟悉的音阶是大调音阶，有着明亮、愉快的特征。它的音程模式为：全音、全音、半音、全音、全音、全音、半音（T T S T T T S）。例如，C 大调只使用白键：C D E F G A B C。
The natural minor scale often conveys a sadder or more serious mood. Its pattern is T S T T S T T. A minor is the relative minor of C major, sharing the same key signature (no sharps or flats). Harmonic and melodic minors are introduced later in secondary school.
自然小调音阶通常传达更忧伤或更严肃的情绪。它的模式是 T S T T S T T。A 小调是 C 大调的关系小调，两者共用同一个调号（无升降号）。和声小调与旋律小调会在高年级进一步学习。
Tonality means the overall sense of key – whether the music centres on a major or minor tonic note. When a piece is in a major key, it tends to sound cheerful; when in a minor key, it may sound solemn or sad. Many pieces also modulate (change key) for contrast.
调性指的是整体调式感——音乐以一个大调或小调主音为中心。当乐曲为一个大调时，听起来往往欢快；当它为小调时，可能听起来肃穆或忧伤。许多作品还会为对比而转调。
8. Introduction to World Music |
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