📚 Year 7 CIE English Literature: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Guide | Year 7 CIE 英语文学：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your literary formula handbook! Just as scientists use equations to explain the world, students of English Literature can use simple 'formulas' to unlock the hidden structures behind poems, stories, and plays. This quick reference guide translates the most important literary techniques and concepts into easy-to-remember patterns. By learning these building blocks, you will be able to identify, analyse, and write about texts with confidence. Keep this handbook close when you read, and soon the secret language of literature will feel as natural as breathing.
欢迎使用你的文学公式手册！就像科学家用方程式来解释世界一样，英语文学的学生也可以用简单的“公式”来解开诗歌、小说和戏剧背后隐藏的结构。这份速查手册将最重要的文学技巧和概念转化为易记的模式。通过掌握这些基石，你将能够自信地识别、分析和评论文本。阅读时随身带着这本手册，很快文学的秘密语言就会像呼吸一样自然。
1. What Are Literary Formulas? | 什么是文学公式？
A literary formula is a simple, repeatable pattern that lies beneath a writer's choice of words. Think of it as a template: Simile = Subject + 'like/as' e, you know immediately which technique is being used. These formulas are not boring rules – ni-equation will speed up your analysis and make your written responses much more precise.
文学公式是隐藏在作者用词选择之下的一种简单、可重复的模式。把它想象成一个模板：明喻 = 主语 + “像/如同” + 意象。当你发现这个结构时，就能立刻知道运用了什么技巧。这些公式不是枯燥的规则——它们是帮助你看到意义是如何被构建出来的工具。在你为 CIE 7 年级英语文学考试做准备时，把每一种手法当作一个小方程来对待，会加快你的分析速度，并使你的书面回答更加精确。
Below you will find a collection of essential formulas, each explained with examples. Remember, every great essay begins by spotting the formula and then explaining why it matters.
下面你将看到一系列基本公式，每条都附有例子和解释。记住，每一篇出色的议论文都是从发现公式开始，然后再解释它为何重要。
2. The Simile Formula | 明喻公式
Formula: Simile = Subject + 'like' or 'as' + Image
公式：明喻 = 主语 + “像”或“如同” + 意象
A simile draws a direct comparison between two different things by using the words 'like' or 'as'. The formula helps you understand that every simile contains a subject (the thing being described), a linking word ('like' or 'as'), and an image (the thing it is being compared to). For example, in 'The rain fell like silver needles,' the subject is 'rain', the linking word is 'like', and the image is 'silver needles'. This pattern makes the description vivid and helps the reader picture the scene sharply.
明喻通过使用“像”或“如同”来直接比较两个不同的事物。这个公式帮助你理解，每一个明喻都包含一个主语（被描述的事物）、一个连接词（“像”或“如同”）和一个意象（被比作的事物）。例如，在“雨落下来，像银色的针”中，主语是“雨”，连接词是“像”，意象是“银色的针”。这种模式让描写变得生动，帮助读者清晰地想象出场景。
When you find a simile in a text, underline the three parts. Then ask: what quality does the image share with the subject? In the needle example, the rain is likely cold, sharp, or painful. Always link back to the writer's purpose.
当你在文本中发现明喻时，划出这三个部分。然后问：意象和主语分享什么特质？在银针的例子中，雨可能是冷的、尖锐的或令人痛苦的。一定要联系回作者的写作目的。
3. The Metaphor Formula | 暗喻公式
Formula: Metaphor = Subject + State-of-being Verb + Image (no 'like' or 'as')
公式：暗喻 = 主语 + 状态动词 + 意象（没有“像”或“如同”）
A metaphor says one thing IS another. Unlike a simile, it drops the comparison words and states the identity directly: 'Her voice was music to his ears.' The structure is subject (voice) + linking verb (was) + image (music). Metaphors are powerful because they fuse two ideas together, forcing the reader to see them as one. In your exam, be bold: ask yourself what is being hidden inside the metaphor. Is the voice beautiful? Soothing? Mesmerising? The formula pinpoints the comparison, and your job is to unpack the layers of meaning.
暗喻是说一件事物就是另一件事物。与明喻不同，它省略了比较词，直接陈述身份：“她的嗓音是他耳中的音乐。”其结构是：主语（嗓音） + 联系动词（是） + 意象（音乐）。暗喻非常有力，因为它把两个概念融合在一起，迫使读者把它们视为一体。在考试中要大胆：问问自己暗喻里隐藏了什么。嗓音是优美的？安抚人心的？令人着迷的？公式精确指出了比较点，而你的工作就是解开意义的层次。
4. The Personification Formula | 拟人公式
Formula: Personification = Non-human Object + Human Action/Emotion
公式：拟人 = 非人对象 + 人的动作/情感
Personification breathes life into the non-living. When a writer says 'The wind whispered through the trees,' the wind (non-human) is given the human action 'whispering'. The formula always involves a verb or emotion that normally belongs to people. Spotting personification is simple: find any object, animal, or abstract idea that is made to feel, speak, or move like a human. Then explain the effect – whispering wind might make a scene feel eerie or gentle. This technique builds atmosphere and makes abstract ideas easier to grasp.
拟人将生命赋予非生命。当作者写道“风在树林间低语”，风（非人）被赋予了人的动作“低语”。这个公式总是包含一个通常属于人类的动词或情感。找拟人很简单：找到任何一个被赋予人类感受、说话或行动方式的物体、动物或抽象概念。然后解释效果——低语的风可能让场景感觉怪诞或温柔。这种技巧能营造氛围，并使抽象概念更易理解。
5. Alliteration and Sibilance Formulas | 头韵与咝音公式
Alliteration Formula: Repeated consonant sound at the start of two or more words close together
头韵公式：两个或以上相邻单词开头重复的辅音
Alliteration appears as a pattern of identical initial consonant sounds: 'The sneaky snake slithered silently.' The repeated 's' sound creates a hissing effect. To analyse it, note the sound and the mood it creates. Hard sounds like 'b' or 'd' can suggest anger or strength; soft sounds like 'l' or 'm' often feel soothing. Always state the sound and then link it to the poem's tone.
头韵表现为相同词首辅音的重复：“那条狡猾的蛇悄悄地滑行（The sneaky snake slithered silently）。”重复的“s”音制造出嘶嘶的效果。分析时要指出是什么音及它营造的情绪。像“b”或“d”这样的硬音可以暗示愤怒或力量；像“l”或“m”这样的软音常让人感到抚慰。始终指出该声音，然后将其与诗歌的语气联系起来。
Sibilance Formula: Repeated 's', 'sh', or soft 'c' sounds creating a hissing effect
咝音公式：重复的“s”、“sh”或软“c”音，制造嘶嘶效果
Sibilance is a special type of alliteration focused on hissing sounds. When a line uses words like 'sad', 'soft', 'shadows', the sibilance can make the verse feel mysterious, secretive, or even sinister. Always ask: why does the writer want a soft, snake-like sound here? The formula helps you relate sound to meaning.
咝音是一种特殊的头韵，专注于嘶嘶声。当一行诗使用了像“sad”、“soft”、“shadows”这样的词，咝音会让诗句感觉神秘、隐秘甚至不祥。永远要问：为什么作者在这里想要一种轻柔、蛇一般的声音？公式能帮你把声音和意义联系起来。
6. Rhyme and Rhyme Scheme Formulas | 押韵与韵律格式公式
End Rhyme Formula: Word A at line end sounds similar to Word B at another line end
尾韵公式：行尾的单词 A 与另一行尾的单词 B 发音相似
Rhyme links lines together through sound. To map a rhyme scheme, assign a letter to each distinct end sound: the first sound gets 'a', the second 'b', and so on. A couplet (aa) has two rhyming lines; alternate rhyme (abab) neatly weaves sounds. Memorising the formula 'look at the last word of each line' will unlock any poem's structure. Once you label the rhyme scheme, consider its musical effect and whether it ties ideas together.
韵律通过声音把诗行联结起来。要标出韵律格式，给每一个不同的尾音分配一个字母：第一个音为“a”，第二个为“b”，以此类推。对句（aa）有两行押韵；交韵（abab）精巧地编织声音。记住“看每行最后一个单词”这个公式，你就能解开任何诗歌的结构。一旦标明韵律格式，就去思考它的音乐效果，以及它是否把想法联系了起来。
| Rhyme Scheme | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Couplet | aa bb cc | I have a cat / He wears a hat |
| Alternate rhyme | abab | The sky is blue (a) / The grass is green (b) / My love is true (a) / A perfect scene (b) |
| Enclosed rhyme | abba | The night is deep (a) / While children sleep (b) / Their dreams they keep (b) / From valleys steep (a) |
韵律格式表格让你一眼看出模式。在 CIE 考试中，正确标出韵式能展示你对诗歌结构的把握。记住：韵式就是声音重复的公式。
7. Onomatopoeia Formula | 拟声词公式
Formula: Word = Sound it describes
公式：单词 = 它所描述的声音
Onomatopoeia is the closest literature comes to sound effects. Words like 'buzz', 'hiss', 'splash', and 'thud' imitate the noises they name. The formula is beautifully simple: the word equals the sound. When you spot an onomatopoeic word, you have an instant link to the senses. Explain how the sound makes the reader feel as if they are right inside the scene. A 'crash' suggests violence; a 'whisper' suggests secrecy. Always connect the sound to the atmosphere the writer is building.
拟声词是文学中最接近音效的存在。“嗡嗡”、“嘶嘶”、“哗啦”和“砰”这类词模仿了它们所指的声响。公式极其简单：单词等于声音。当你发现一个拟声词，你就立刻有了一条通往感官的纽带。解释这个声音如何让读者感觉自己身临其境。“砰”暗示着暴力；“低语”暗示着隐秘。永远把声音和作者正在营造的氛围联系起来。
8. Imagery Formulas | 意象公式
Imagery is language that appeals to our five senses. You can break it down into mini-formulas for each sense:
意象是诉诸我们五种感官的语言。你可以按每种感官细分为迷你公式：
Visual Imagery = Words that paint a picture (colours, shapes, light)
视觉意象 = 描绘图像的词（颜色、形状、光线）
When a writer uses phrases like 'crimson sunset' or 'jagged rocks', they are using visual imagery. The formula helps you ask: what do I see in my mind's eye? Then explain why the writer wants that particular picture.
当作者使用“绯红的晚霞”或“嶙峋的岩石”这样的短语时，就在运用视觉意象。这个公式帮助你发问：我脑海中看到了什么？然后解释为何作者想要这幅特定的画面。
Auditory Imagery = Words that describe sound (loud, soft, echo, murmur)
听觉意象 = 描写声音的词（响亮、轻柔、回声、低语）
Auditory imagery fills a text with noise or silence. Spot words like 'thundering', 'murmuring', or 'silence'. Then ask what the sound does to the mood. A 'murmuring stream' suggests peace.
听觉意象用噪音或寂静填满文本。找出像“雷鸣般”、“喃喃”或“寂静”这样的词。然后问这个声音对情绪有什么作用。“喃喃的溪流”暗示着宁静。
You can apply the same formula to tactile (touch), olfactory (smell), and gustatory (taste) imagery. The key is identifying which sense is triggered and describing the effect with precision.
你可以将同样的公式运用于触觉、嗅觉和味觉意象。关键是识别触动了哪种感官，然后精确描述其效果。
9. Narrative Perspective Formula | 叙述视角公式
Formula: Narrator = Point of View Pronoun
公式：叙述者 = 视角代词
tive perspective is to look at the pronouns the narrator uses. First-person narration uses 'I' or 'we', which puts the reader inside the character's head. Third-person limited uses 'he/she' and follows only one character's thoughts. Third-person omniscient also uses 'he/she' but moves freely into any character's mind. There's even an involved second-person 'you', though rare. In your analysis, the formula 'pronoun = perspective' erson narrator might be unreliable, while an omniscient narrator can build dramatic irony.
判断叙述视角最简单的方法是看叙述者使用的代词。第一人称叙述用“我”或“我们”，将读者置于角色脑海中。第三人称限制性叙述用“他/她”，并且只跟随一个角色的思想。第三人称全知叙述也用“他/她”，但可以自如进入任何角色的内心。甚至还有不常见的第二人称“你”。在你的分析中，“代词 = 视角”这个公式能立刻告诉你谁在说话，以及读者被允许知道多少。始终要讨论效果：第一人称叙述者可能不可靠，而全知叙述者则能制造戏剧性反讽。
10. Theme and Message Formulas | 主题与信息公式
Theme Formula: Theme = Abstract noun + what the text teaches about it
主题公式：主题 = 抽象名词 + 文本关于它的启示
Themes are the big ideas that run through a literary work: love, war, friendship, courage. But a theme is more than one word – it includes the writer's message. The formula helps you move from spotting a topic to crafting a statement. Instead of saying 'the theme is love', use the formula: 'Through [character/event], the writer shows that [statement about the abstract noun].' For example, 'Through Romeo and Juliet's sacrifice, Shakespeare shows that love can transcend hatred, but often at a great cost.' Always turn a single word into a complete idea.
主题是贯穿文学作品的宏大思想：爱、战争、友谊、勇气。但主题不止是一个词——它包含了作者传递的信息。这个公式能帮你从发现话题过渡到构建陈述。不要说“主题是爱”，而要用公式：“通过[角色/事件]，作者展示了[关于抽象名词的陈述]。”例如，“通过罗密欧与朱丽叶的牺牲，莎士比亚表现了爱能超越仇恨，但往往代价巨大。”永远要把一个词变成完整的观点。
11. Tone and Mood Formulas | 语气与氛围公式
Tone Formula: Word choice + punctuation + sentence length = speaker's attitude
语气公式：选词 + 标点 + 句长 = 说话者的态度
Tone is the narrator's or poet's attitude towards the subject. Is it sarcastic, joyful, mournful? To decode it, examine diction (word choice), punctuation (exclamation marks, ellipses), and whether sentences are clipped and tense or flowing and relaxed. The formula reminds you that tone is built from small decisions. Mood, on the other hand, is the feeling the reader gets – the atmosphere. While tone is the speaker's voice, mood is the emotional weather of the text. Use the formula to break down tone first, then explain how it shapes the reader's mood.
语气是叙述者或诗人对题材的态度。是讽刺的、喜悦的、还是哀伤的？要破译它，需审视词语选择、标点（感叹号、省略号）以及句子是短促紧张还是舒展放松。这个公式提醒你，语气是由一个个小决定构建起来的。而氛围则是读者获得的感觉——即气氛。语气是说话者的声音，氛围则是文本的情绪天气。先用公式分解语气，然后解释它如何塑造读者的感受。
12. Putting It All Together: The P.E.E. Formula | 综合运用：P.E.E. 公式
Analysis Formula: P.E.E. = Point + Evidence + Explanation
分析公式：P.E.E. = 观点 + 证据 + 解释
Every strong paragraph in a CIE English Literature answer uses the P.E.E. chain. Start by stating your Point clearly: what does the writer do? Then insert your Evidence: a short quotation using 'formula' devices you've learned, like 'When the poet writes, "The wind whispered," she uses personification.' Finally, Explain: how does the technique create meaning? Link back to themes, mood, or the reader's reaction. This formula turns simple observations into high-quality analysis. Practise using it with every literary formula in this handbook, and you will see your essays climb to a new level.
在 CIE 英语文学考试中，每一个出色的段落都使用 P.E.E. 链条。首先清晰地陈述你的观点：作者做了什么？然后插入证据：一段简短的引文，运用你学到的“公式”手法，如“当诗人写道‘风在低语’时，她使用了拟人。”最后进行解释：这种技巧如何创造了意义？联系回主题、氛围或读者的反应。这个公式能将简单的观察转变为高质量的分析。坚持用这本手册里的每一个文学公式来练习它，你会看到你的论文水平提升到新高度。
Published by TutorHao | English Literature Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图