📚 Year 7 CIE English: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | CIE 英语 Year 7：公式定理速查手册
In English, just like in Maths or Science, there are hidden 'formulas' and 'theorems' that can help you write, read, and speak accurately. This handbook gathers the essential patterns, rules, and structures you will encounter in Year 7 CIE English. Think of each one as a reliable tool to build clear sentences, craft engaging stories, and ace your comprehension tasks.
在英语学习中，就像数学或科学一样，隐藏着许多“公式”和“定理”，它们能帮助你准确地进行写作、阅读和口语表达。这本手册收集了你将在 Year 7 CIE 英语中遇到的所有核心模式、规则和结构。把每一条都看作一个可靠的工具，用来构建清晰的句子、创作引人入胜的故事并在阅读理解中取得高分。
1. The Sentence Formula | 句子公式
Every complete sentence in English follows a fundamental pattern. The simplest formula is Subject + Verb + Object (SVO). The subject tells you who or what performs the action, the verb tells you what the action is, and the object receives the action.
英语中每个完整句子都遵循一个基本模式。最简单的公式是：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（SVO）。主语告诉你谁或什么执行了动作，谓语告诉你动作是什么，宾语则是动作的承受者。
Subject + Verb + Object (SVO)
Example: The cat (S) chased (V) the mouse (O). You can expand this formula by adding manner, place, and time: S + V + O + (Manner) + (Place) + (Time). For instance, 'The cat chased the mouse quickly in the garden at midnight.'
示例：猫（主语）追赶（谓语）老鼠（宾语）。你可以通过添加方式、地点和时间来扩展这个公式：S + V + O +（方式）+（地点）+（时间）。例如：“猫在午夜花园里快速地追赶老鼠。”
Remember, an independent clause containing this formula can stand alone as a complete thought. A sentence fragment that lacks a subject or a verb is incomplete and should be avoided in formal writing.
请记住，包含这个公式的独立分句可以作为一个完整的意思独立存在。缺乏主语或谓语的句子片段是不完整的，在正式写作中应该避免。
2. Subject-Verb Agreement Theorem | 主谓一致定理
The verb must match the subject in number. If the subject is singular (only one), the verb usually takes an '-s' in the present simple tense. If the subject is plural, the verb has no '-s'. This is one of the most important agreement theorems in English.
谓语动词必须在数上与主语保持一致。如果主语是单数（仅一个），动词在一般现在时中通常要加“-s”。如果主语是复数，动词则不加“-s”。这是英语中最重要的“一致定理”之一。
Singular Subject → Verb + -s (He runs)
Plural Subject → Verb base form (They run)
Watch out for tricky subjects such as 'everyone', 'nobody', 'each', which are singular and need a singular verb. Collective nouns like 'team' or 'family' can be singular if the group acts as one unit. Phrases between the subject and verb, like 'along with', do not change the number of the subject.
要注意像 “everyone”、“nobody”、“each” 这样的特殊主语，它们都是单数，需要接单数动词。像 “team” 或 “family” 这样的集合名词，如果集体作为一个整体行动，则视为单数。主语和动词之间的短语，例如 “along with”，不会改变主语的数量。
Formula: correct verb form. Also, with modal verbs (can, will, must), the verb always stays in its base form regardless of the subject.
公式：主语（确定数量）→ 选择正确的动词形式。此外，与情态动词 (can, will, must) 连用时，无论主语是什么，动词始终保持原形。
3. Tense Timeline Formulas | 时态时间轴公式
Tenses tell us when an action takes place. Year 7 students need to master at least four core tenses. Each tense has a construction formula that acts like a recipe.
时态告诉我们动作发生的时间。Year 7 的学生至少需要掌握四种核心时态。每种时态都有一个像食谱一样的构造公式。
| Tense | Formula | Example |
| Present Simple | Subject + base verb (+ -s) | She walks to school. |
| Present Continuous | Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing | She is walking now. |
| Past Simple | Subject + verb past form (regular -ed) | She walked yesterday. |
| Future (will) | Subject + will + base verb | She will walk tomorrow. |
The present simple is used for habits and general truths, while present continuous describes actions happening right now. The past simple places a finished action in the past, and the 'will' future expresses a decision or prediction.
一般现在时用于习惯和普遍真理，而现在进行时描述此刻正在发生的动作。一般过去时将完成的动作置于过去，而 “will” 将来时则表达决定或预测。
For storytelling, you often need to switch between past tenses. Always keep your tense timeline consistent within a paragraph unless you are signalling a shift in time for a clear reason.
讲故事时，你经常需要在过去时态之间切换。务必在一个段落内保持时态时间轴的一致，除非你有明确的原因需要标示时间的改变。
4. Punctuation Formulas | 标点符号公式
Punctuation marks are the traffic signals of writing. They tell the reader when to pause, stop, or anticipate a list. Mastering their formulas makes your writing clear and professional.
标点符号是写作中的交通信号。它们告诉读者何时该暂停、停止或期待一个列表。掌握它们的“公式”能让你的写作清晰且专业。
Statement → . (Full Stop)
Question → ? (Question Mark)
Exclamation → ! (Exclamation Mark)
To join two closely related independent clauses, use a comma and a coordinating conjunction: Independent Clause + , + (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) + Independent Clause. This is the fanboys formula. For example: 'I wanted to go outside, but it started to rain.'
要连接两个紧密相关的独立分句，可以使用逗号加并列连词：独立分句 + , + (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) + 独立分句。 这就是 “FANBOYS” 公式。例如：“我想出去，但是天开始下雨了。”
The apostrophe has two jobs: showing possession and forming contractions. For singular possession, the formula is noun + 's (the girl's book). For plural nouns ending in s, just add an apostrophe: plural noun + ' (the girls' books).
撇号有两个作用：表示所有格和构成缩写。单数所有格的公式是 名词 + 's（女孩的书）。对于以 s 结尾的复数名词，直接加撇号：复数名词 + '（女孩们的书）。
5. Paragraph Structure Theorem (PEEL) | 段落结构定理 (PEEL)
A well-organised paragraph is built upon the PEEL theorem, which stands for Point, Evidence, Explanation, and Link. This structure ensures every paragraph has a clear purpose and supports your overall argument or story.
一个结构良好的段落建立在 PEEL 定理之上，即 Point（观点）、Evidence（证据）、Explanation（解释）和 Link（衔接）。这一结构确保每个段落都有明确的目的，并支持你的整体论点或故事。
P (Point) → E (Evidence) → E (Explain) → L (Link)
Point: Begin with a topic sentence that states the main idea you will discuss. Evidence: Provide a quotation, example, or a specific detail to back up your point. Explain: Analyse how your evidence proves the point—don't just drop it in. Link: Connect back to the overall question or forward to the next paragraph.
观点：以一个主题句开头，陈述你要讨论的主要观点。证据：提供一个引文、例子或具体细节来支持你的观点。解释：分析你的证据如何证明观点——不要只是把它扔在那里。衔接：回扣整体问题或展望下一个段落。
This formula works perfectly in analytical essays, reading response paragraphs, and even descriptive writing where you need to justify a character's emotion.
这个公式在分析性文章、阅读回答段落甚至需要证明角色情感的描写性写作中都非常有效。
6. Descriptive Writing Formulas | 描写写作公式
Great description doesn't just tell the reader what something looks like; it shows them. The 'Show, Don't Tell' formula transforms plain statements into vivid images by engaging the five senses and using precise vocabulary.
精彩的描写不仅仅是告诉读者某物长什么样，而是展示给他们看。“展示而非告知”的公式通过调动五种感官和使用精准词汇，将平淡的陈述转化为生动的画面。
Description = Sensory Detail + Action + Emotion
If you want to describe a character being cold, instead of writing 'He was cold,' use the formula: include a sensory detail (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste), a small action, and an internal feeling. For example: 'His fingers trembled as he shoved them into his coat pockets, and his breath bloomed in white clouds. The icy air bit his cheeks.'
如果你想描述一个角色很冷，与其写“他很冷”，不如使用公式：加入一个感官细节（视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉、味觉）、一个小动作和内心感受。例如：“他把颤抖的手指塞进大衣口袋，呼出的气变成白色的雾团。冰凉的空气刺痛了他的脸颊。”
Another useful formula is: Adjective + Noun + Strong Verb + Simile. 'The ancient tree groaned like a weary giant.' This packs multiple descriptive layers into one sentence.
另一个有用的公式是：形容词 + 名词 + 强动词 + 明喻。 “那棵古树像一个疲惫的巨人一样呻吟。” 这在一句话中融入了多个描写层次。
7. Narrative Structure Formula | 叙事结构公式
Most stories in Year 7 follow a classic five-stage narrative arc. This structure, sometimes called the 'story mountain', helps you pace your plot and keep the reader engaged.
Year 7 的大多数故事都遵循经典的五阶段叙事弧线。这种结构，有时被称为“故事山”，帮助你规划情节节奏并保持读者的兴趣。
1. Opening → 2. Build-up → 3. Problem/Conflict (Climax) → 4. Resolution → 5. Ending
Opening: Introduce the main character(s) and the setting. Build-up: Establish routines or a series of events leading towards a problem. Problem/Climax: The main character faces a challenge or conflict; this is the peak of tension. Resolution: The problem is solved or a new understanding is reached. Ending: The story winds down, showing the 'new normal' after the events.
开端：介绍主要人物和背景。发展：建立日常生活或一系列导向问题的事件。问题/高潮：主角面临挑战或冲突；这是紧张的顶点。解决：问题得到解决或达成了新的理解。结尾：故事收尾，展示事件后的“新常态”。
You can vary the formula by starting with a flashback or a moment of action (in medias res), but you must always include a clear conflict and resolution. Dialogue, paragraphing for changes in time or place, and a satisfying ending are essential add-ons to this structural theorem.
你可以通过使用倒叙或从动作中段开始（in medias res）来变化公式，但你必须始终包含清晰的冲突和解决方案。对话、随着时间或地点变化而分段，以及一个令人满意的结局，是这个结构定理的必要附加项。
8. Reading Comprehension Formula | 阅读理解公式
To tackle a CIE comprehension passage efficiently, use a systematic reading formula rather than just hoping you absorb the information. This keeps your answers focused and textual.
要高效地完成 CIE 阅读理解文章，你需要使用系统化的阅读公式，而不是仅仅等着吸收信息。这能让你的回答聚焦且有文本依据。
Skim & Scan → Identify Question Type → Find Evidence → Answer in Your Own Words
First, skim the text quickly (read titles, first and last paragraphs, and topic sentences) to get the main idea and tone. Then scan for specific keywords mentioned in the questions. Identify the question type: is it a literal retrieval question, an inference question, or a word meaning question? Each requires a different approach. For literal questions, locate the exact answer in the text. For inference, read between the lines and use clues.
首先，快速略读文本（阅读标题、首尾段落和主题句）以获取大意和语气。然后扫读问题中提到的特定关键词。识别问题类型：是直接提取题、推断题还是词义题？每种类型需要不同的方法。对于直接题，在文本中定位确切答案。对于推断题，则要读出言外之意并使用线索。
Always support your answer with evidence from the text, even if you are inferring. When the question says 'in your own words', paraphrase the point without simply replacing a couple of words. A helpful formula for a full-mark answer is: Point + Quoted Evidence + Brief Explanation.
即使是在进行推断，也总是要用文本中的证据来支持你的答案。当题目要求“用你自己的话”时，要对观点进行释义，而不是仅仅替换一两个词语。一个获得满分的答案的有用公式是：观点 + 引用的证据 + 简短解释。
9. Spelling Patterns Theorem | 拼写模式定理
English spelling can seem unpredictable, but many rules act like theorems that reduce errors. Learning these patterns will dramatically improve your writing accuracy.
英语拼写看似不可预测，但许多规则像定理一样可以减少错误。学习这些模式将显著提高你的写作准确性。
i before e, except after c, when the sound is /iː/
This covers words like 'believe' (ie) and 'receive' (ei after c). When the sound is /eɪ/ as in 'neighbour' or 'weigh', the pattern changes. Knowing common suffixes and prefixes can also help: if you can spell 'happy', you can spell 'happiness' by applying the 'change y to i' rule before adding the suffix.
这涵盖了像 “believe” (ie) 和 “receive” (c 后为 ei) 这样的词。当发音为 /eɪ/ 时，如 “neighbour” 或 “weigh”，模式会发生变化。了解常见的后缀和前缀也很有帮助：如果你能拼写 “happy”，通过应用“添加后缀前将 y 改为 i”的规则，你就能拼写 “happiness”。
Another theorem: Double the final consonant when adding -ed or -ing if the word has one syllable, one vowel, and one final consonant (the 1-1-1 rule). For example, 'hop' becomes 'hopped', but 'hope' (with a silent 'e') becomes 'hoped'.
另一个定理：当添加 -ed 或 -ing 时，如果该词是一个音节、一个元音且以一个辅音结尾（即1-1-1规则），则双写最后的辅音字母。 例如，“hop” 变为 “hopped”，但 “hope”（不发音的 e）变为 “hoped”。
10. Word Class Identification Keys | 词类识别密钥
Every word belongs to a category (word class) based on its function in a sentence. You can identify a word's class by using a set of diagnostic questions, just like following a flowchart.
每个单词根据其在句子中的功能都属于一个类别（词类）。你可以像使用流程图一样，通过一套诊断性问题来识别一个词的词类。
Noun → Person, place, thing, or idea? (cat, London)
Verb → An action or state? (run, is)
Adjective → Describes a noun? (blue, tall)
Adverb → Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb; often answers how, when, or where? (quickly, very)
Preposition → Shows the relationship of a noun to another word? (in, under, after)
Some words can belong to more than one class depending on the sentence role. For example, 'play' can be a verb (We play football) or a noun (The play was amazing). Always check the function in context. Using a dictionary that labels word classes (n., v., adj.) confirms your identification.
有些词根据在句子中的角色可以属于多个词类。例如，“play” 可以是动词（We play football）或名词（The play was amazing）。始终要结合上下文检查功能。使用标注了词类（名词、动词、形容词）的词典可以确认你的识别。
Recognising word classes helps you build grammatically sound sentences and is a key part of the CIE writing assessment where you are marked on vocabulary and structure.
识别词类有助于你构建语法正确的句子，这也是 CIE 写作评估中的关键部分，该评估会根据词汇和结构进行评分。
11. Proofreading Checklist Formula (CUPS) | 校对清单公式 (CUPS)
Before submitting any piece of writing, applying the CUPS proofreading formula ensures you catch most surface errors. This systematic review is what turns a good draft into a polished final version.
在提交任何写作作品之前，应用 CUPS 校对公式能确保你捕捉到大部分表面错误。这种系统性的检查能将一个好的草稿变为精雕细琢的终稿。
C - Capitalisation
U - Usage (grammar and word choice)
P - Punctuation
S - Spelling
Capitalisation: Check that all sentences start with a capital letter, and proper nouns (names, places, months) are capitalised. Usage: Read slowly to see if your verbs agree with subjects and if you have used words in their correct form (e.g., their/there/they're). Punctuation: Look for missing full stops, commas in lists, and apostrophes in contractions. Spelling: Circle words you are unsure about and use a dictionary or spell-check.
大写 (Capitalisation): 检查所有句子是否以大写字母开头，专有名词（名字、地点、月份）是否大写。用法 (Usage): 慢慢阅读，查看你的动词是否与主语一致，以及你是否正确使用了单词形式（例如 their/there/they're）。标点 (Punctuation): 查找遗漏的句号、列表中的逗号以及缩写中的撇号。拼写 (Spelling): 圈出你不确定的单词，并使用词典或拼写检查。
A good habit is to proofread your work backwards—from the last sentence to the first. This breaks the flow of meaning and makes you focus on individual words, which is brilliant for spotting spelling mistakes.
一个好习惯是从后往前校对你的作品——从最后一句到第一句。这打破了意义的连贯性，让你专注于每个单词，对于发现拼写错误非常有效。
12. Literary Devices Quick Reference | 文学手法速查参考
Literary devices are the 'special effects' of language. They make writing more powerful, memorable, and imaginative. Knowing a few key formulas will help you both identify them in reading and use them in your own writing.
文学手法是语言的“特效”。它们让写作更有力量、更令人难忘且更具想象力。了解几个关键公式将帮助你在阅读中识别它们，并在自己的写作中加以运用。
Simile → A comparison using 'like' or 'as'
Metaphor → A direct comparison stating something is something else
Personification → Giving human qualities to non-human things
Alliteration → Repeated initial consonant sounds in a series of words
Onomatopoeia → Words that imitate sounds
Simile formula: X is like Y. 'The clouds were like cotton wool.' Metaphor formula: X is Y. 'The classroom was a zoo.' Personification formula: Non-human object + human verb or emotion. 'The wind whispered through the trees.'
明喻公式：X 像 Y。“云朵像棉絮一样。” 暗喻公式：X 是 Y。“教室是个动物园。” 拟人公式：非人事物 + 人类动词或情感。“风在树间低语。”
When analysing these in a CIE passage, don't just spot them. Explain the effect using the formula: The writer uses [device] to create an image of / suggest that... This makes the reader feel / think... This transforms identification into true analysis.
在 CIE 文章分析中，不要只是找出它们。用这个公式解释效果：作者使用[手法]来创造出……的意象 / 暗示…… 这让读者感到 / 想到…… 这将识别转化为真正的分析。
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