📚 Year 7 CIE Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key scientific vocabulary is essential for Year 7 students studying the CIE Science curriculum. This guide provides clear definitions, memory tricks, and bilingual explanations to help you learn and retain essential terms across Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. By associating each term with a simple image or word play, you can recall it more easily during class and exams. Read the English definition carefully, then check the Chinese explanation to strengthen your understanding.
掌握关键科学词汇对学习 CIE 科学课程的七年级学生至关重要。本指南提供清晰的定义、记忆技巧和双语解释，助你掌握生物、化学和物理的核心术语。通过将每个术语与简单的画面或文字游戏联系起来，你可以在课堂和考试中更轻松地回忆。请仔细阅读英文定义，然后对照中文解释加深理解。
1. Cells and the Microscope | 细胞与显微镜
Cell membrane: A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells and controls what enters and leaves. Memory tip: imagine a 'cell phone membrane' (the screen) – it lets you touch and interact but keeps internal parts protected.
细胞膜：包裹所有细胞的薄而柔韧的屏障，控制物质进出。记忆法：想象手机贴膜，保护屏幕的同时允许触摸操作。
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA). 'Nucleus' sounds like 'new clue us'; it sends instructions like a headquarters. Animal and plant cells have a nucleus; bacterial cells do not.
细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含遗传物质（DNA）。可联想“核心”，“核”即中心，是发号施令的总部。动物和植物细胞有细胞核，细菌没有。
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance inside the cell where chemical reactions occur. Think: 'cyto' means cell, 'plasm' means fluid. It is the cell's factory floor.
细胞质：细胞内的胶状物质，化学反应在此进行。“质”即基质，像工厂车间里的流动液体。
Cell wall: A rigid layer found only in plant cells (and fungi and bacteria) that provides support. Picture a brick wall around a garden – it gives shape.
细胞壁：仅存在于植物（及真菌、细菌）细胞的坚硬外层，起支撑作用。联想花园周围的砖墙，维持形状。
Chloroplast: Green organelles in plant cells that capture light energy for photosynthesis. 'Chloro' = green, 'plast' = particle. Think of tiny green solar panels.
叶绿体：植物细胞中的绿色细胞器，捕捉光能进行光合作用。“叶绿”即叶子绿色，“体”为小体，就像微型太阳能板。
Magnification tion × objective lens magnification. Think: a magnifying glass makes small print readable.
放大倍数：物体看起来比实际尺寸大的倍数。放大倍数 = 目镜倍数 × 物镜倍数。就像放大镜把小字变大。
2. Life Processes and Classification | 生命过程与分类
Movement: An action by an organism causing a change of position or place. Even plants move slowly towards light. The acronym MRS GREN helps remember all seven life processes, and M stands for Movement.
运动：生物体改变位置或方向的动作。植物也向光缓慢移动。可用缩写 MRS GREN 记七大生命过程，M 代表运动。
Respiration rocess of releasing energy from food in every living cell. It is not the same as breathing! Remember: respiration = energy release.
呼吸作用：所有活细胞从食物中释放能量的过程，不同于通气呼吸。记：呼吸作用释放能量。
Sensitivity: The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment. Think of a plant bending towards light or your hand pulling away from a hot surface.
感应性：察觉并响应环境变化的能力。如植物向光弯曲，手遇热回缩。
Growth: A permanent increase in size and mass. Plants grow throughout their lives; animals stop growing after maturity.
生长：体积和质量永久性增加。植物不断生长，动物成熟后停止。
Reproduction: Producing offspring to continue the species. Can be sexual (two parents) or asexual (one parent).
繁殖：产生后代延续物种。分有性（双亲）和无性（单亲）。
Excretion: Removal of metabolic waste products from the body, such as carbon dioxide and urine. Do not confuse with egestion (getting rid of undigested food).
排泄：排出体内代谢废物，如二氧化碳和尿液。注意与排遗（排出未消化食物）区分。
Nutrition: Taking in and using food materials for energy, growth and repair. Plants make their own food; animals eat other organisms.
营养：摄取和利用食物，供能、生长和修复。植物自造食物，动物取食其他生物。
Vertebrate: An animal with a backbone. 'Vertebra' means spine bone. Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
脊椎动物：有脊椎骨的动物。“vertebra”即椎骨。脊椎动物包括哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类和鱼类。
Invertebrate: An animal without a backbone, like insects, worms and jellyfish. 'In-' means without.
无脊椎动物：无脊椎骨的动物，如昆虫、蠕虫和水母。“in-”是否定前缀。
3. Particles and States of Matter | 粒子与物态
Particle: A tiny piece of matter. Scientists use the particle model to explain solids, liquids and gases. Think of every substance being made of countless, invisible moving spheres.
粒子：微小的物质单元。科学家用粒子模型解释固、液、气三态。可想象一切物质都由无数运动着的看不见的小球组成。
Solid: State with fixed shape and volume. Particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and only vibrate. Memory: 'solid' stands firm like a packed concert crowd.
固体：形状和体积固定的状态。粒子紧密排列，仅振动。想象演唱会里紧挤的人群——稳固难移。
Liquid: State with fixed volume but takes the shape of its container. Particles are close but can slide past each other. Picture a dancing area where people move freely but stay close.
液体：体积固定但形状随容器改变的状态。粒子紧密但可滑动。想象舞池中人们自由移动但彼此贴近。
Gas: State with no fixed shape or volume; fills its container. Particles are far apart and move rapidly. Imagine runners scattering in all directions across a field.
气体：无固定形状和体积，充满容器。粒子相距很远且快速运动。想象运动员在操场上四散奔跑。
Diffusion: Movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. Perfume spreading through a room is a classic example. It happens faster in gases than liquids.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动。香水在室内扩散即是实例。气体中扩散比液体中快。
Melting: Change from solid to liquid at the melting point. Particles gain energy and break out of fixed positions. Think of an ice cube turning into water.
熔化：固体在熔点变为液体。粒子获得能量脱离固定位置。想象冰块化为水。
4. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist. All substances are made of atoms. The name comes from 'atomos' meaning indivisible.
原子：元素能独立存在的最小粒子。所有物质由原子构成。词源意为“不可分割”。
Element: A substance made of only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Examples: oxygen, gold, carbon.
元素：仅由一种原子组成的物质，不能通过化学方法分解成更简单的物质。如氧、金、碳。
Compound: A substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded. Water (H₂O) is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Note: the properties of a compound are different from its elements.
化合物：两种或多种元素通过化学键结合形成的物质。水（H₂O）是氢和氧的化合物。化合物的性质与组成元素不同。
Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together. A molecule of oxygen is O₂; a water molecule is H₂O. All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds (e.g. O₂).
分子：两个或多个原子键合而成。氧分子是 O₂，水分子是 H₂O。所有化合物是分子，但并非所有分子都是化合物（如 O₂）。
Mixture: Two or more substances jumbled together but not chemically bonded. Air is a mixture of gases; a salad is a mixture. Mixtures can be separated by physical methods.
混合物：两种或以上物质混合但未化学键合。空气是气体混合物；沙拉是混合物。混合物可用物理方法分离。
Periodic Table: A chart that lists all known elements arranged by atomic number. It groups elements with similar properties. Memory phrase: 'Rows are periods, columns are groups.'
元素周期表：按原子序数排列所有已知元素的表格，同类性质元素排在同一纵列。记：横排是周期，纵列是族。
5. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Measured in newtons (N). Imagine pushing a trolley – your push is a force.
力：能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉，单位是牛顿 (N)。想象推购物车——你的推力就是力。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (gripping) or a nuisance (wearing out shoes). Think of rubbing your hands together – the heat comes from friction.
摩擦力：阻碍两接触表面相对运动的力。既有用（抓地）也有害（磨损鞋底）。搓手生热就是摩擦力作功。
Gravity: A force of attraction between masses. On Earth, it pulls everything towards the centre of the planet. Weight is the force due to gravity.
重力：物体间相互吸引的力。地球上，它把一切拉向地心。重量就是由重力产生的力。
Mass vs. Weight: Mass is the amount of matter in an object (measured in kg) and stays the same anywhere. Weight is the force of gravity on that mass (measured in N) and can change on different planets.
质量与重量：质量是物体所含物质的量（单位千克），任何地方不变。重量是重力作用在该质量上的力（单位牛顿），在不同星球会改变。
Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)
重量 (牛) = 质量 (千克) × 重力场强度 (牛/千克)
Balanced forces: When total force in one direction equals total force in the opposite direction. An object at rest stays at rest; an object moving at constant speed continues at that speed.
平衡力：一个方向的总力与反方向的总力相等。静止物体保持静止，匀速直线运动的物体保持匀速。
Unbalanced forces: When the total forces are not equal, causing a change in speed or direction. This results in acceleration or deceleration.
非平衡力：合力不为零，引起速度或方向变化，产生加速或减速。
6. Energy Forms and Transfers | 能量形式与转移
Kinetic energy: Energy possessed by a moving object. The faster it moves, the more kinetic energy it has. A rolling ball has kinetic energy.
动能：运动物体具有的能量。运动越快，动能越大。滚动的球具有动能。
Gravitational potential energy: Energy stored in an object because of its height above ground. A book on a shelf has more of it than one on the floor. The higher, the greater the energy.
重力势能：因物体离地高度而储存的能量。高处的书比地板上的势能大。位置越高，能量越大。
Elastic potential energy: Energy stored in stretched or compressed objects. Think of a stretched rubber band or a compressed spring.
弹性势能：拉伸或压缩物体中储存的能量。如拉长的橡皮筋或压紧的弹簧。
Thermal energy: Energy due to the temperature of an object; it is the total kinetic energy of its particles. Often called heat energy. A hot cup of tea contains more thermal energy than an iced drink.
热能：因温度而具的能量，本质是粒子动能的总和。热茶比冰饮含更多热能。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another. For example, when a lamp is switched on, electrical energy is converted to light and thermal energy.
能量守恒：能量不能凭空产生或消失，只能转移或转化为其他形式。如灯泡将电能转为光和热能。
Conduction: Transfer of thermal energy through a solid from hot to cold parts, without the solid moving. Metals are good conductors. A metal spoon in hot soup gets warm by conduction.
传导：热量在固体中从高温部分传向低温部分，材料本身不移动。金属是良导体。热汤中的金属勺通过传导变热。
Convection: Transfer of thermal energy in liquids and gases by the movement of the fluid itself. Warm fluid rises, cool fluid sinks, creating a convection current.
对流：热能在液体和气体中通过流体本身的运动传递。热流体上升，冷流体下沉，形成对流循环。
Radiation: Transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves, without needing particles. The Sun's heat reaches Earth through the vacuum of space by radiation.
辐射：热能通过电磁波传递，无需介质。太阳热量通过真空以辐射形式到达地球。
7. Acids, Alkalis and Neutralisation | 酸、碱与中和
Acid ur and turn blue litmus paper red. Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid. Remember: 'A' for acid = sour 'Aah!'.
酸：pH 小于 7 的物质，味酸，使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。如柠檬汁、醋、胃酸。记：“酸”味觉即酸。
Alkali: A soluble base with a pH greater than 7. Alkalis feel soapy and turn red litmus paper blue. Examples: soap, baking soda, bleach. Think: alkali has a 'lie' – it is the opposite of acid.
碱：可溶性碱，pH 大于 7，手感滑腻，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。如肥皂、小苏打、漂白剂。
Neutral: A substance with pH 7, neither acidic nor alkaline. Pure water is neutral. It does not change litmus colour.
中性：pH 为 7 的物质，非酸非碱。纯水是中性，不改变石蕊颜色。
pH scale w acidic or alkaline a solution is. Lower pH = stronger acid; higher pH = stronger alkali.
pH 标度：0 到 14 衡量溶液酸碱度。pH 越低酸性越强，越高碱性越强。
Indicator: A substance that changes colour in acids and alkalis. Litmus is a common indicator: red in acid,
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