📚 Year 7 CIE Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 CIE 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key vocabulary is the first step to excelling in Year 7 CIE Science. This guide breaks down essential terms from every major topic, with simple explanations and clever memory tricks to help you remember them fast.
掌握关键词汇是在 Year 7 CIE 科学中脱颖而出的第一步。本指南分解了每个主要专题的重要术语，配有清晰解释和聪明的记忆技巧，帮助你快速记住它们。
1. Scientific Enquiry & Experimental Skills | 科学探究与实验技能
A hypothesis is a testable prediction or educated guess. Think of 'hypothesis' as 'high-pothesis' – a high-level guess you make before an experiment.
假设是一个可检验的预测或有根据的猜测。把'hypothesis'想象成'high-pothesis'——在实验前做出的高水平猜想。
Variables are factors that can change. The independent variable is the one you change on purpose; the dependent variable is the one you measure; and control variables are kept constant to make the test fair.
变量是可以改变的因素。自变量是你有意改变的；因变量是你测量的；控制变量则保持不变，以确保测试公平。
Remember: 'I change the Independent, I measure the Dependent, I keep the Control Constant.' A fair test means only the independent variable is allowed to change.
记住：'我改变自变量(Independent)，我测量因变量(Dependent)，我保持控制变量(Control)恒定。'公平测试意味着只允许自变量改变。
An observation is something you notice using your five senses. An inference is a conclusion or explanation based on your observations. Observe first, then infer.
观察是你用五官注意到的事物。推理是基于观察得出的结论或解释。先观察，再推理。
Data can be qualitative (descriptions) or quantitative (numbers). Accuracy tells you how close a measurement is to the true value; precision tells you how repeatable your measurements are.
数据可以是定性的（描述性）或定量的（数字）。准确度告诉你测量值与真实值的接近程度；精确度告诉你测量结果的可重复性。
2. Biology: Cells and Life Processes | 生物：细胞与生命过程
All living things are made of cells. The seven life processes, remembered by the acronym MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition.
所有生物都由细胞构成。七大生命过程，通过首字母 MRS GREN 记忆：运动(Movement)、呼吸(Respiration)、感应(Sensitivity)、生长(Growth)、繁殖(Reproduction)、排泄(Excretion)和营养(Nutrition)。
Animal cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria. Plant cells have these four plus a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.
动物细胞有细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核和线粒体。植物细胞除了这四种，还有坚硬的细胞壁、进行光合作用的叶绿体，以及一个充满细胞液的大液泡。
| Cell part 细胞结构 | Function & memory aid 功能与记忆提示 |
|---|---|
| Nucleus 细胞核 | Control centre, contains DNA. Think 'nucleus' = 'core boss'. |
| Mitochondria 线粒体 | Site of respiration, releases energy. 'Mighty mitochondria' powerhouses. |
| Chloroplast 叶绿体 | Contains chlorophyll, absorbs light for photosynthesis. 'Chloro-' = green. |
| Cell wall 细胞壁 | Rigid layer of cellulose, gives shape and support. 'Wall' protects like a fort. |
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. Remember: particles 'diffuse' like a crowd spreading out from a busy spot.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，沿浓度梯度进行。记住：粒子'扩散'就像人群从拥挤的地方散开。
3. Biology: Human Body Systems | 生物：人体系统
The digestive system breaks down food into small, soluble molecules. Key organs in order: Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum. 'Mnemonic: My Older Sister Sings Like a Robot' (M-O-S-S-L-R).
消化系统将食物分解为可溶的小分子。关键器官顺序：口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、直肠。记忆口诀：'My Older Sister Sings Like a Robot' (M-O-S-S-L-R)。
a → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli (air sacs where gas exchange happens). Tiny air sacks: 'alveoli' sounds like 'alve-oh-lie' – they lie deep in the lungs.
呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。空气路径：气管 → 支气管 → 细支气管 → 肺泡（气体交换的囊）。微小的气囊：'alveoli' 发音像 'alve-oh-lie'——它们深藏在肺里。
The circulatory system features the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry blood Away from the heart (Arteries Away); veins carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are hair-thin exchange vessels.
循环系统包括心脏、动脉、静脉和毛细血管。动脉将血液从心脏带走(Away)；静脉将血液带回心脏。毛细血管是用于物质交换的细微血管。
The skeletal system gives support and protection. Bones meet at joints, and muscles pull on bones to cause movement. Ligaments connect bone to bone, tendons connect muscle to bone.
骨骼系统提供支撑和保护。骨骼在关节处连接，肌肉拉动骨骼产生运动。韧带连接骨骼与骨骼，肌腱连接肌肉与骨骼。
4. Chemistry: Matter and Particles | 化学：物质与粒子
Everything is made of tiny particles. In solids, particles are fixed in a regular pattern, just vibrating. In liquids, particles are close but can slide past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move rapidly.
万物由微小粒子构成。固体中粒子固定排列，仅振动。液体中粒子紧密但能相互滑动。气体中粒子间距大，快速运动。
Changes of state are physical changes: melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), boiling/evaporation (liquid to gas), condensation (gas to liquid), and sublimation (solid straight to gas). The particles themselves do not change.
状态变化是物理变化：熔化（固→液）、凝固（液→固）、沸腾/蒸发（液→气）、冷凝（气→液）、升华（固→气）。粒子本身不变。
Melting point and boiling point are the temperatures at which substances melt or boil. Water's melting point is 0 °C and boiling point is 100 °C. Impurities lower the melting point and raise the boiling point.
熔点和沸点是物质熔化或沸腾的温度。水的熔点为0 °C，沸点为100 °C。杂质使熔点降低、沸点升高。
Diffusion is fastest in gases, slower in liquids, and not observed in solids. Brownian motion is the random movement of tiny particles when bombarded by even smaller, invisible particles – it is evidence for the particle model.
扩散在气体中最快，液体中较慢，固体中观察不到。布朗运动是微小粒子受到更小不可见粒子撞击时的随机运动——它是粒子模型的证据。
5. Chemistry: Elements, Compounds and Mixtures | 化学：元素、化合物与混合物
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. All known elements are listed in the Periodic Table, each with a chemical symbol, e.g. O for oxygen, Fe for iron.
元素是由一种原子组成的纯净物。所有已知元素列在周期表中，每种都有化学符号，如O代表氧，Fe代表铁。
A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements chemically bond. The properties of a compound are entirely different from its elements. For example, sodium is a reactive metal, chlorine is a toxic gas, but sodium chloride is safe table salt.
化合物是两种或多种不同元素化学键合形成的物质。化合物的性质与组成它的元素完全不同。例如，钠是活泼金属，氯是有毒气体，但氯化钠是安全的食盐。
A mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically joined. Air is a mixture of gases; seawater is a mixture of water, salt and other substances. Mixtures can be separated by physical methods: filtration for insoluble solids, evaporation for soluble solids from a solution, distillation for pure liquid recovery, and chromatography for separating coloured solutes.
混合物含有未化学结合的两种或多种物质。空气是气体混合物；海水是水、盐和其他物质的混合物。混合物可用物理方法分离：过滤分离不溶固体，蒸发从溶液中获取可溶固体，蒸馏回收纯液体，色谱法分离有色溶质。
Remember the difference: Element – one type of atom (e.g. gold). Compound – two or more elements chemically fixed (e.g. CO₂). Mixture – physically combined, can be separated (e.g. sand and salt).
记住差异：元素——一种原子（如金）。化合物——两种或多种元素化学结合（如CO₂）。混合物——物理混合，可分离（如沙子和盐）。
6. Chemistry: Chemical Reactions | 化学：化学反应
In a chemical reaction, reactants change into new products. Signs of a chemical change include colour change, gas production (bubbles), energy change (heat, light), and formation of a precipitate. A physical change, like melting, is usually reversible and no new substance is formed.
在化学反应中，反应物变成新的产物。化学变化的迹象包括颜色变化、产生气体（气泡）、能量变化（热、光）和形成沉淀。物理变化如熔化通常可逆，且不生成新物质。
An acid has a pH less than 7 and tastes sour. An alkali is a soluble base with a pH greater than 7 and feels soapy. Neutralisation happens when an acid and a base react together:
酸的pH值低于7，味道酸。碱是可溶的碱性物质，pH值高于7，摸起来滑腻。酸和碱发生反应时即为中和：
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
例如：hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water.
例如：盐酸 + 氢氧化钠 → 氯化钠 + 水。
Combustion is a rapid reaction with oxygen that releases heat and light. The word equation for burning a hydrocarbon fuel like methane is:
燃烧是与氧气发生的一种快速反应，放出热和光。碳氢燃料如甲烷燃烧的文字方程式为：
Methane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
Oxidation occurs when a substance gains oxygen; rusting is slow oxidation of iron. Remember: 'Oxidation is Oxygen addition'.
氧化发生在物质获得氧时；生锈是铁的缓慢氧化。记住：'氧化就是加氧(Oxygen addition)'。
7. Physics: Forces and Motion | 物理：力与运动
A force is a push or a pull measured in newtons (N). Common forces include gravity (weight pulling objects towards Earth's centre), friction (a force opposing motion), air resistance (a type of friction in air), upthrust (push of a fluid upward), and magnetic force.
力是一种推或拉，单位为牛顿(N)。常见的力包括重力（将物体拉向地心）、摩擦力（阻碍运动的力）、空气阻力（空气中的摩擦）、浮力（流体向上的推力）和磁力。
Balanced forces mean no change in motion: the object stays at rest or moves at constant speed. Unbalanced forces cause a change in speed or direction (acceleration).
平衡力意味着运动状态不变：物体保持静止或匀速运动。非平衡力导致速度或方向的变化（加速度）。
Speed tells you how fast something moves. The formula is:
速度表示物体运动有多快。公式为：
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
To remember: 'Speed is how much Distance you cover in a certain Time; divide D by T.'
记忆方法：'速度就是你一定时间内走过的距离；用距离除以时间。'
A distance‑time graph shows motion: a sloping straight line means constant speed; a horizontal line means stationary; a steeper slope means faster speed. The gradient of the line equals speed.
距离-时间图展示运动：倾斜直线表示匀速；水平线表示静止；斜率越陡速度越快。线段的斜率等于速度。
8. Physics: Energy | 物理：能量
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored. Stores of energy include kinetic (movement), thermal (heat), chemical (fuels, food), gravitational potential (position high up), elastic potential (stretched springs), nuclear, and electromagnetic (light, infrared).
能量不能被创造或毁灭，只能转移或储存。能量储存形式包括动能（运动）、热能（热）、化学能（燃料、食物）、重力势能（高位）、弹性势能（拉伸的弹簧）、核能和电磁能（光、红外）。
A mnemonic to recall the main stores: 'Kings That Communicate Cleverly Grant Every Noble Reward' – Kinetic, Thermal, Chemical, Gravitational, Elastic, Nuclear, Radiant (light).
记忆主要储能形式的口诀：'Kings That Communicate Cleverly Grant Every Noble Reward'——动能(K)、热能(T)、化学能(C)、重力势能(G)、弹性能(E)、核能(N)、辐射能(R)。
Energy is transferred along pathways: mechanically (by a force), by heating, electrically, or by radiation (light and sound). In a Sankey diagram, the width of arrows shows how much energy is transferred; wasted energy is shown branching downwards.
能量沿路径传递：机械传递（通过力）、加热、电流或辐射（光和声）。在桑基图中，箭头宽度表示能量传递的多少；被浪费的能量向下分支。
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are non‑renewable energy resources. Renewable resources include solar, wind, wave, tidal, hydroelectric, geothermal and biomass. Remember: 'Renewable Replenished rapidly.'
化石燃料（煤、石油、天然气）是不可再生能源。可再生资源包括太阳能、风能、波浪能、潮汐能、水力发电、地热能和生物质。记住：'可再生能源(Renewable)可快速补充。'
9. Physics: Electricity and Magnetism | 物理：电与磁
An electric circuit is a closed loop that allows current to flow. A cell pushes electrons around the circuit; a battery is two or more cells. Current is the flow of charge, measured in amps (A); voltage (potential difference) is the push driving the current, measured in volts (V); resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), tries to reduce the current.
电路是允许电流流动的闭合回路。电池推动电子绕行电路；电池组是两个或更多电池。电流是电荷的流动，单位安培(A)；电压（电位差）是驱动电流的推力，单位伏特(V)；电阻阻碍电流，单位欧姆(Ω)。
In a series circuit, there is only one path for current; if one bulb fails, all go out. In a parallel circuit, each component has its own path; if one bulb breaks, others stay on.
串联电路中只有一条电流路径；一个灯泡熄灭则全灭。并联电路中每个元件有独立路径；一个灯泡坏掉，其他仍亮。
A magnet has a north pole and a south pole. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. Magnetic materials include iron, cobalt and nickel. An electromagnet is a magnet created by passing current through a coil of wire, and its strength can be increased by adding an iron core or more coils.
磁铁有北极和南极。同名极相斥，异名极相吸。磁性材料包括铁、钴和镍。电磁铁是电流通过线圈产生的磁铁，加入铁芯或增加线圈匝数可增强磁力。
Remember: 'Opposites attract' in magnetism; 'Current in Coils Creates Magnetism'.
记住：磁铁'异极相吸'；'线圈中的电流产生磁性(Current in Coils Creates Magnetism)'。
10. Earth Science: Rocks and Space | 地球科学：岩石与太空
Rocks are classified into three main types: igneous (formed from cooled magma, e.g. basalt, granite), sedimentary (compacted layers of sediment, often contain fossils, e.g. limestone, sandstone), and metamorphic (existing rocks changed by heat and pressure, e.g. marble from limestone, slate from shale).
岩石分为三大类：火成岩（由岩浆冷却形成，如玄武岩、花岗岩）、沉积岩（压实沉积物层，常含化石，如石灰岩、砂岩）和变质岩（原有岩石受热和压力改变，如大理岩源自石灰岩，板岩源自页岩）。
The rock cycle shows how rocks change between types over millions of years. Weathering and erosion break rocks down; compaction and cementation form sedimentary rocks; melting produces magma which cools into igneous rocks; heat and pressure create metamorphic rocks.
岩石循环展示岩石在数百万年间如何相互转化。风化和侵蚀分解岩石；压实和胶结形成沉积岩；熔融形成岩浆，冷却成火成岩；热和压力形成变质岩。
In space, our Solar System has the Sun at its centre. The order of planets from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Mnemonic: 'My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Noodles.'
太空中，太阳系以太阳为中心。行星由近及远顺序：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。记忆口诀：'My Very E
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