📚 Year 7 CIE Science: Exam Techniques and Marking Criteria | Year 7 CIE 科学：答题技巧与评分标准
Success in Year 7 CIE Science assessments comes not only from knowing the content but also from understanding how to approach questions and how marks are awarded. This guide will help you master exam techniques and interpret marking criteria so you can show your best work.
在 Year 7 CIE 科学评估中取得好成绩，不仅取决于你掌握了多少知识，更在于你如何审题、如何作答，以及你是否清楚评分的规则。这篇指南将帮助你掌握答题技巧并理解评分标准，让你在考试中发挥出最好的水平。
1. Understanding Command Words | 理解指令词
Command words in a question tell you exactly what the examiner expects you to do. Common ones include 'state', 'describe', 'explain', 'calculate', 'suggest' and 'compare'. Getting to grips with them is the first step to picking up marks.
题目中的指令词能准确告诉你考官希望你做什么。常见的指令词包括 'state'（陈述）、'describe'（描述）、'explain'（解释）、'calculate'（计算）、'suggest'（建议）和 'compare'（比较）。读懂这些词是拿到分数的第一步。
For example, if a question says 'State the name of the gas produced', you only need to give a short, factual answer, such as 'carbon dioxide', without any extra words. In contrast, a 'Describe' question asks you to say what something is like or what happens, e.g., 'The bubbles appeared rapidly and the liquid turned cloudy.'
例如，如果题目说 'State the name of the gas produced'（陈述所产生气体的名称），你只需要给出一个简短事实答案，比如 "carbon dioxide"，不需要额外废话。而 'Describe'（描述）的问题则要求你说明某事物的特征或变化过程，如 "气泡迅速冒出，液体变得浑浊"。
When you see 'Explain', you must give a reason using scientific ideas and often the word 'because'. A typical structure is: state what happens, then say why it happens. 'Suggest' means you should apply your science knowledge to a new situation; there may be more than one correct answer.
当你看到 'Explain'（解释）时，必须用科学道理给出原因，通常会用到 "因为"。标准回答结构是：先说发生了什么，再说为什么会这样。'Suggest'（建议）则是要你把科学知识应用到新情境中，这类题目有时不止一个正确答案。
Below is a quick reference table for the most common command words.
下面是一个常用指令词速查表，帮助你快速回忆。
| Command Word | What You Need to Do | 你需要做什么 |
|---|---|---|
| State | Give a concise, factual answer with no explanation. | 给出简洁的事实性答案，无需解释。 |
| Describe | Say what something is like or what happens (trend, appearance, steps). | 说出某物的特征或发生的事情（趋势、外观、步骤）。 |
| Explain | Give a scientific reason, often using 'because'. | 给出科学理由，通常要用到 "因为"。 |
| Calculate | Work out a numerical answer; show your working. | 计算出数值答案，并写出计算过程。 |
| Suggest | Apply your knowledge to propose an idea or solution. | 运用知识提出一个想法或解决方案。 |
| Compare | Point out similarities and differences. | 指出相同点和不同点。 |
2. Scientific Enquiry: Variables and Fair Testing | 科学探究：变量与公平测试
Every experiment you plan or evaluate has three types of variables. The independent variable is the one you deliberately change. The dependent variable is what you measure or observe. Control variables are all the other factors you must keep the same so that the test is fair.
你计划或评价的每一个实验都有三种变量。独立变量是你故意改变的那个量。因变量是你测量或观察的结果。控制变量是你必须保持不变的其它所有因素，这样才能保证实验公平。
When you are asked to design an investigation, always ask three questions: What will I change? What will I measure? What will I keep the same? A good example is testing how temperature affects the time it takes for sugar to dissolve. Here, the independent variable is temperature (°C), the dependent variable is time taken to dissolve (s), and controls include the mass of sugar, volume of water and the same type of stirring.
当你被要求设计一个探究时，始终问自己三个问题：我要改变什么？我要测量什么？我要保持什么不变？一个很好的例子是测试温度如何影响糖溶解的快慢。在这个实验中，独立变量是温度 (°C)，因变量是糖完全溶解所需的时间 (s)，控制变量包括糖的质量、水的体积和相同的搅拌方式。
Simply writing 'keep everything the same' is not enough. You must name the specific variables you would control and, ideally, state how you would control them, for example, 'use a thermometer to check the water temperature' or 'use exactly 5 g of sugar each time'.
光写 "保持所有条件相同" 是不够的。你必须指出具体要控制哪些变量，最好还能说明怎样控制它们，比如 "用温度计检查水温" 或 "每次称取恰好 5 克糖"。
3. Recording and Presenting Data | 记录和呈现数据
Data should always be recorded in a neat table before you draw any graph. Use a ruler and a sharp pencil to draw the table. Every column heading must include the name of the quantity and, in brackets, the unit, such as 'Length (cm)' or 'Temperature (°C)'. Never put units inside the data cells.
在绘制任何图表之前，数据始终应该记录在整洁的表格中。用直尺和削尖的铅笔画表格。每一列的标题必须写出物理量名称，并在括号里标明单位，如 "Length (cm)" 或 "Temperature (°C)"。绝对不要把单位写进数据单元格里。
Repeat readings are strongly recommended where possible. Recording three sets of results and calculating the average helps to spot anomalous results and improves reliability. In your table, add a column for the mean. If one reading looks very different from the others, circle it, but still include it in the table.
强烈建议在可能的情况下进行重复测量。记录三组数据然后计算平均值，有助于发现异常值并提高可靠性。在你的表格中，应该加上一列平均值。如果某次读数与其他差别很大，可以圈出来，但仍应保留在表格内。
When you use equipment such as a digital balance or a stopwatch, write down all the digits shown – this is the resolution. For example, if the stopwatch reads 12.34 s, do not round it to 12 s; record it as 12.34 s.
当你使用电子天平或秒表等仪器时，应记录显示屏上显示的所有数字——这便是仪器的分辨率。例如，如果秒表显示 12.34 s，不要四舍五入成 12 s，而应记录为 12.34 s。
4. Drawing Graphs | 绘制图表
Graphs communicate your results clearly. The first decision is choosing the right type. Use a line graph when both variables are continuous numbers, such as temperature over time. Use a bar chart when the independent variable is a category, such as different metals or days of the week.
图表能让你的结果一目了然。首先要选择合适的图表类型。当两个变量都是连续数值时，如温度随时间变化，使用折线图（线形图）。当独立变量是分类数据时，如不同金属或星期几，应使用条形图。
teps, like 0, 5, 10 or 0, 2, 4, 6. Do not use awkward scales such as 0, 3, 6. Plot each point with a small neat cross (×) and then draw a smooth line of best fit – or a straight line if the relationship looks linear – but never just 'join the dots'.
你的图表应占据坐标纸一半以上的面积。为 x 轴和 y 轴标上变量名和单位。选用均匀递增的刻度，例如 0, 5, 10 或 0, 2, 4, 6，不要用别扭的刻度如 0, 3, 6。每一个数据点要用整洁的小叉号 (×) 标记，然后画一条平滑的最佳拟合线——如果数据看起来是线性关系，就画直线——但永远不要 "点点相连"。
Finally, give the graph a title. A good format is 'How [dependent variable] depends on [independent variable]', e.g., 'How the temperature of water changes with time'. One missing label or a missing title can cost you a mark.
最后，给图表加上标题。一个好的格式是 "How [因变量] depends on [独立变量]"，例如 "How the temperature of water changes with time"。漏掉一个标签或标题都可能让你丢掉一分。
5. Tackling Calculation Questions | 攻克计算题
Calculation questions test your ability to use formulas and work with units. Always start by writing down the formula you will use. For example, if you are asked to find speed, write:
计算题考查你运用公式和处理单位的能力。一定要先写下你要用的公式。例如，如果要求你计算速度，先写出：
speed = distance ÷ time
速度 = 路程 ÷ 时间
Then substitute the numbers into the formula and show each step clearly. There is usually one mark for the correct substitution and one mark for the correct calculation, so even if your final answer is wrong, you can earn the substitution mark.
然后将数字代入公式，并清晰地展示每一步。通常正确代入得一分，正确计算结果再得一分，因此即使最终答案算错，你也可以拿到代入分。
grams to kilograms or centimetres to metres before calculating. Write the conversion factor next to your working, e.g., 1 kg = 1000 g.
最终答案必须带上单位。忘记写单位会被扣分。要格外注意单位换算。很多题目要求你在计算前先把克换算成千克，或把厘米换算成米。在计算步骤旁边写下换算关系，比如 1 kg = 1000 g。
Rounding your answer to an appropriate number of decimal places also matters. Usually, give your answer to the same number of significant figures as the data given in the question. If the question provides values to two significant figures, your answer should be rounded to two significant figures too.
把答案四舍五入到合适的小数位也很重要。一般情况下，答案的有效数字位数应与题目所给数据的有效数字位数相同。如果题目提供的数据保留两位有效数字，你的答案也应当保留两位。
6. Writing Good Explanations | 写好解释题
Explanation questions carry the highest marks and need a clear structure. The examiner is looking for a chain of reasoning that includes 'cause' and 'effect'. A simple model is: 'What happened' – 'Why it happened (the science idea)' – 'Link back to the observation'.
解释题所占分值最高，需要有清晰的结构。考官想看到一条包含 "原因" 和 "结果" 的推理链。一个简单的模型是："发生了什么"——"为什么会发生（科学原理）"——"联系回观察到的现象"。
For instance, if asked 'Explain why the mass of the plant decreased in the dark', a weak answer says 'Because there was no light.' A strong answer says: 'The plant could not carry out photosynthesis because there was no light. However, respiration still occurred, which uses up stored glucose. Therefore, the overall mass decreased.'
例如，如果题目问 "解释为什么在黑暗中植株的质量减少了"，较弱的回答是 "因为没有光"。而一个高质量的回答则是："因为没有光，植物无法进行光合作用。但呼吸作用仍在继续，会消耗储存的葡萄糖。因此，总质量减少了。"
Use the word 'because' to signal the reason. If you find yourself writing a description, stop and ask 'why'. Every explaining sentence should include a scientific principle, not just a re-stated observation.
使用 "因为" 这个词来引出原因。如果你发现自己只是在写描述，停下来问一个 "为什么"。每一个解释性的句子都应包含一个科学原理，而不只是复述观察结果。
7. Using Scientific Vocabulary | 使用科学词汇
Correct spelling and accurate use of scientific terms are part of the marking criteria. Mixing up terms such as 'mass' and 'weight', 'transparent' and 'translucent', or 'respiration' and 'breathing' can cause you to lose marks, even if the rest of the answer is correct.
正确拼写和准确使用科学术语是评分标准的一部分。如果把 "质量" 和 "重量"、"透明" 和 "半透明"、或 "呼吸作用" 和 "呼吸动作" 等术语混淆，即使答案的其他部分正确，也会被扣分。
Here are some pairs that students often confuse. Make sure you know the difference and can spell each one correctly.
下表列出了一些学生常混淆的术语对。请确保你知道它们的区别并能正确拼写。
| Word 1 | Word 2 | Quick Difference |
|---|---|---|
| mass | weight | Mass is amount of matter (kg); weight is the force of gravity (N). |
| respiration | breathing | Respiration happens in cells to release energy; breathing is the movement of air in and out of lungs. |
| element | compound | An element is made of one type of atom; a compound contains two or more elements chemically bonded. |
| temperature | heat | Temperature measures how hot something is; heat is a form of energy. |
When you learn new vocabulary, practise writing it out and saying it aloud. In the exam, if you are uncertain of the spelling, try to use the term in a simpler sentence so that the examiner can still recognise the correct concept.
当你学习新词汇时，练习把它写出来并大声朗读。在考试中，如果不确定某个词的拼写，试着用简单的句子把它用出来，这样考官仍能识别出你理解了正确的概念。
8. Common Mistakes to Avoid | 避免常见错误
Mistake 1: Ignoring the number of marks. A one-mark question needs a short, precise answer. Spending five minutes writing a paragraph for one mark wastes time you could use on higher-mark questions.
错误一：不看分值。1分的题目只需一个简短准确的答案。花五分钟写一大段去答1分题，会浪费掉解答高分题的时间。
Mistake 2: Forgetting to label apparatus or safety precautions. If a question asks you to draw a set-up, always label the key equipment and mention one safety rule, such as 'wear safety goggles'.
错误二：忘记标实验装置或安全措施。如果题目要求画一套装置，一定要标注关键器材并提一条安全规则，比如 "佩戴护目镜"。
Mistake 3: Not stating the obvious in 'describe' questions. If a graph shows a line going up, say 'the line increases'. You earn marks for stating what you see – even if it feels too simple.
错误三：在 "描述" 题里不说显而易见的情况。如果图表显示一条线在上升，那就写 "线条呈上升趋势"。即使你觉得太简单，说明你看到的就能得分。
Mistake 4: Missing units in the final answer of a calculation. The unit is often one whole mark. Underline or circle your final unit to remind yourself.
错误四：计算题最终答案漏掉单位。单位常常值一整分。用下划线或圆圈把最终单位标出来以提醒自己。
Mistake 5: Using everyday language instead of scientific terms. Instead of 'the stuff got hotter', write 'the temperature of the substance increased'.
错误五：使用日常语言而非科学术语。不要写 "东西变热了"，而要写 "该物质的温度升高了"。
9. Time Management in Exams | 考试时间管理
A common reason for underperforming is poor time management. At the start, quickly scan the whole paper and note the mark allocations. As a rough guide, you have about one minute per mark. A 30-mark test should take roughly 30 minutes, leaving a few minutes for checking.
成绩不理想的一个常见原因是时间管理不当。开始考试后，先快速浏览全卷，注意各题的分值。粗略估算，每1分大约用1分钟。一份30分的试卷大概应花30分钟作答，留出几分钟用于检查。
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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