📚 Year 7 CIE Biology: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | Year 7 CIE 生物：暑期预习与衔接课程
Starting secondary school biology is a big step, and a summer bridging course is the perfect way to build confidence. This article introduces the key topics you will meet in Year 7 CIE Biology, from the seven life processes to cells, body systems, plants, ecosystems and classification. You will get a head start on essential concepts and practical skills, making the transition from primary science smooth and enjoyable.
进入中学生物课是重要的一步，暑期衔接课程正是建立信心的好方法。本文带你了解 CIE 七年级生物学的主要课题，包括七大生命过程、细胞、人体系统、植物、生态系统和生物分类。你会提前掌握核心概念和实验技能，帮助自己顺利、愉快地完成从小学科学到中学的过渡。
1. Introduction to Biology | 生物学入门
Biology is the scientific study of life. It explores how living things are built, how they function and how they interact with each other and their environment. In Year 7 CIE Biology, you will begin to uncover the rules that govern all organisms, from tiny bacteria to giant trees.
生物学是研究生命的科学。它探索生物体如何构造、如何运作，以及它们如何彼此及与环境相互作用。在 CIE 七年级生物课程中，你将开始揭示支配所有生物的规律，从微小的细菌到参天大树。
The course builds on ideas you may have seen in primary science – like grouping animals or planting seeds – and extends them with proper scientific vocabulary and simple experiments. This summer bridging guide reviews those foundations and introduces new topics so you feel prepared from day one.
这门课建立在小学科学的基础上——比如给动物分组或种种子——并借助科学术语和简单实验将它们深化。这本暑期衔接指南会帮你重温基础，同时介绍新课题，让你从开学第一天就胸有成竹。
2. Characteristics of Living Things | 生物的特征
To decide whether something is alive, biologists look for seven life processes. You can remember them by the letters MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition. Every living organism – from a mushroom to a human – carries out all seven, even if some happen differently in plants and animals.
要判断一个东西是否有生命，生物学家会寻找七种生命过程。你可以用字母 MRS GREN 来记忆：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。每一种生物——无论是蘑菇还是人类——都会进行这七个过程，尽管动植物在某些过程上表现不同。
Movement means changing position or turning parts of the body. Animals run, swim or fly, while plants move more slowly, for example growing towards light or closing their petals at night.
运动是指改变位置或转动身体部位。动物会跑、会游泳或飞翔，而植物运动更慢，例如向光生长或夜间闭合花瓣。
Respiration is not simply breathing. It is a chemical reaction inside every cell that releases energy from food. This energy fuels everything you do, from thinking to running.
呼吸作用不仅仅是喘气。它是每个细胞内发生的一种化学反应，把食物中的能量释放出来。这些能量支撑你所有活动，从思考到奔跑。
Sensitivity means detecting and responding to changes in the surroundings. Your eyes adjust to bright light, and a plant's roots grow towards water. These are all examples of sensitivity.
感应是指察觉并回应环境的变化。你的眼睛会适应强光，植物的根会朝着水生长。这些都是感应的例子。
Growth is a permanent increase in size. In animals, the whole body usually grows; in plants, growth happens mainly at the tips of roots and shoots throughout their life.
生长是体积的永久性增大。动物通常是整个身体长大；而植物一生中主要在根尖和茎尖生长。
Reproduction creates new individuals. Some organisms reproduce simply by splitting in two, while most animals and plants produce offspring through seeds, eggs or live birth.
繁殖产生新个体。有些生物通过一分为二繁殖，而大多数动植物通过种子、卵或胎生繁衍后代。
Excretion is the removal of waste products made by the body’s chemical reactions. In humans, carbon dioxide leaves through the lungs, and urea leaves through the kidneys. Plants get rid of oxygen and water vapour.
排泄是清除体内化学反应产生的废物。人体通过肺排出二氧化碳，通过肾脏排出尿素。植物则排除氧气和水蒸气。
Nutrition is how organisms obtain food. Green plants make their own food through photosynthesis, while animals must eat other living things to get energy and nutrients.
营养是指生物获取食物的方式。绿色植物通过光合作用制造自己的食物，而动物必须摄取其他生物来获得能量和养分。
3. Cells – The Basic Units of Life | 细胞——生命的基本单位
All living things are made of cells, which are the smallest units capable of carrying out life processes. In Year 7, you mainly work with plant cells and animal cells. Both share three key structures: a nucleus that controls the cell, cytoplasm where chemical reactions happen, and a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves.
所有生物都由细胞构成，细胞是能够完成生命过程的最小单位。七年级主要学习植物细胞和动物细胞。两者都有三个关键结构：控制细胞的细胞核、发生化学反应的细胞质，以及控制物质进出的细胞膜。
Plant cells have three extra parts that animal cells lack: a rigid cell wall made of cellulose which provides support, a large central vacuole filled with cell sap that helps maintain shape, and green chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis.
植物细胞还有三个动物细胞不具备的结构：由纤维素构成的坚固细胞壁，提供支撑；充满细胞液的大中央液泡，有助于维持形状；绿色的叶绿体，含有叶绿素，可以吸收光进行光合作用。
You will be expected to draw and label simple diagrams of plant and animal cells. Use a sharp pencil, draw clear lines, and ensure labels are connected with straight ruling lines – no arrowheads. Spelling terms like ‘chloroplast’ and ‘vacuole’ correctly is just as important as knowing their functions.
你需要画出并标注动植物细胞的简图。用削好的铅笔，线条清楚，标注用直尺画线连接——不要箭头。正确拼写“叶绿体”和“液泡”等术语和了解它们的功能同样重要。
4. Using a Microscope | 显微镜的使用
s and objective lenses of different magnifications. The total magnification is found by multiplying the eyepiece magnification (usually ×10) by the objective lens magnification (for example ×4, ×10 or ×40).
显微镜能让你看到细胞，它们小得肉眼无法看见。在实验室你会使用光学显微镜。它有一个目镜和不同放大倍数的物镜。总放大倍数等于目镜倍数（通常 ×10）乘以物镜倍数（如 ×4、×10 或 ×40）。
Always start with the lowest power objective lens so you can locate the specimen easily. Use the coarse focusing knob first, then the fine focusing knob once you are at higher magnifications. Never use the coarse knob with a high-power lens – you could crack the slide or damage the lens.
始终从最低倍物镜开始，这样容易找到标本。先用粗准焦螺旋，换高倍镜后再用细准焦螺旋。千万不要在高倍镜下使用粗准焦螺旋——可能会压碎玻片或损坏镜头。
When making a temporary slide of onion epidermis or cheek cells, you will need a glass slide, a coverslip, a drop of water or stain (such as iodine for onion, methylene blue for cheek cells), and a mounted needle. Lower the coverslip at an angle to avoid air bubbles. Once you master these practical skills, the microworld opens up.
在制作洋葱表皮或口腔上皮细胞临时装片时，你需要载玻片、盖玻片、一滴水或染液（如洋葱用碘液，口腔细胞用亚甲蓝）和解剖针。将盖玻片以一定角度放下可避免气泡。掌握这些实验技能后，微观世界就在你眼前。
5. Levels of Organisation | 组织的层次
Cells do not work alone in complex organisms. They are organised into levels: similar cells form a tissue, different tissues work together as an organ, and several organs make up an organ system. The human body contains several major systems – digestive, circulatory, respiratory and nervous – that you will meet in Year 7.
在复杂生物体内，细胞并不单独工作。它们组织成不同层次：相似的细胞形成组织，不同组织共同构成器官，多个器官又组成器官系统。人体包含几个重要系统——消化系统、循环系统、呼吸系统和神经系统——你会在七年级接触到。
For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which contracts to bring about movement. Muscle tissue, epithelial tissue and connective tissue together build the stomach, an organ that churns food. The stomach then works with the mouth, oesophagus, intestines and liver as part of the digestive system.
例如，肌肉细胞构成肌肉组织，通过收缩产生运动。肌肉组织、上皮组织和结缔组织共同构成胃这个器官，负责搅拌食物。胃又与口腔、食道、肠和肝一起构成消化系统。
6. The Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统
Digestion breaks large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. This happens along a long tube called the alimentary canal, helped by enzymes – biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up.
消化作用把大而不可溶的食物分子分解为小而可溶的小分子，使其能被吸收进入血液。这一过程发生在被称为消化道的长管道中，并得到酶的帮助——酶是生物催化剂，能加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。
The digestive journey begins in the mouth, where teeth physically break up food and saliva containing amylase starts digesting starch into sugars. In the stomach, protease enzymes begin digesting proteins, while hydrochloric acid kills bacteria and provides the right pH for enzymes to work.
消化之旅始于口腔，牙齿将食物物理嚼碎，含有淀粉酶的唾液开始把淀粉分解为糖。在胃里，蛋白酶开始消化蛋白质，盐酸则杀灭细菌并提供酶所需的适宜酸碱度。
Most digestion finishes in the small intestine, where enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver (stored in the gall bladder) further break down fats. The small intestine also absorbs the soluble products, including glucose, amino acids and fatty acids, into the bloodstream. Water is mainly absorbed in the large intestine, leaving behind faeces to be egested.
大部分消化在小肠完成，胰腺分泌的酶和肝脏分泌的胆汁（储存在胆囊）进一步分解脂肪。小肠还将可溶性产物，包括葡萄糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸，吸收入血液。水主要在大肠被吸收，剩下的粪便排出体外。
7. Breathing and Circulation | 呼吸与循环
Breathing and respiration are not the same. Breathing is the physical process of moving air in and out of the lungs. Respiration is the chemical release of energy inside cells, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide. The respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
呼吸和呼吸作用并不相同。呼吸是空气进出肺的物理过程。呼吸作用是在细胞内释放能量的化学反应，需要氧气并产生二氧化碳。呼吸系统包括气管、支气管、肺和膈肌。
When you inhale, your diaphragm contracts and flattens, while your ribcage moves up and out. This increases the volume of the chest, lowering the pressure and drawing air in. Exhalation is largely passive; the diaphragm relaxes and the ribcage falls, pushing air out.
吸气时，膈肌收缩变平，肋骨向上向外移动。这会增大胸腔容积，降低压力，把空气吸入。呼气大多是自然放松过程；膈肌松弛，肋骨回落，将空气推出。
Once oxygen reaches the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, it diffuses into the blood. The heart pumps this oxygen-rich blood around the body through arteries, and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart to be sent to the lungs again. This double circulation keeps a steady supply of oxygen for respiration.
一旦氧气抵达肺内的气囊（肺泡），它便扩散进入血液。心脏将富含氧气的血液通过动脉泵向全身，再由静脉将缺氧血送回心脏，重新泵往肺部。这种双循环保障了呼吸作用所需的稳定供氧。
8. Plants – Feeding and Reproduction | 植物——营养与生殖
Plants are producers: they make their own food using light energy. The word equation for photosynthesis is:
植物是生产者：它们利用光能制造自己的食物。光合作用的文字方程式为：
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
Chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs sunlight, which drives the reaction. The glucose produced is used immediately for energy or stored as starch. Plants also need mineral salts like nitrates (for healthy growth) and magnesium (to make chlorophyll), which they absorb through their roots from the soil.
叶绿体中的叶绿素吸收阳光，驱动这个反应。产生的葡萄糖可以立即用于提供能量，或转化为淀粉储存。植物还需要矿质盐，如硝酸盐（用于健康生长）和镁（用于制造叶绿素），它们通过根部从土壤中吸收。
Year 7 covers two types of plant reproduction. Asexual reproduction can occur through runners, tubers or bulbs, producing offspring identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves flowers. Pollen (male gamete) reaches the stigma and travels down the style to fertilise the ovule inside the ovary, which eventually becomes a seed and the ovary becomes a fruit.
七年级涉及两种植物生殖方式。无性生殖可通过匍匐茎、块茎或鳞茎进行，产生的后代与亲本完全相同。有性生殖则需要花朵。花粉（雄性配子）到达柱头后，沿花柱向下移动，使子房内的胚珠受精，最终胚珠发育为种子，子房发育为果实。
9. Ecosystems and Habitats | 生态系统与栖息地
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. A habitat is the specific place where an organism lives, providing food, shelter and a suitable climate. In Year 7 you will explore how plants and animals are adapted to survive in their habitats, from deserts to woodlands.
生态系统是由生物群落彼此之间以及与非生物环境相互作用形成的。栖息地是生物生活的具体场所，提供食物、庇护所和适宜的气候条件。七年级你将探索动植物如何适应在各自的栖息地生存，从沙漠到林地。
Food chains and food webs show how energy flows through an ecosystem. A simple chain might be: grass → grasshopper → frog → hawk. The arrows represent the direction of energy transfer. You will learn to use terms like producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer and predator.
食物链和食物网展示了能量在生态系统中的流动。一条简单的链可以是：草 → 蚱蜢 → 青蛙 → 鹰。箭头表示能量传递的方向。你还要学会使用生产者、初级消费者、次级消费者和捕食者等术语。
Changes in the environment, such as drought, flooding or the introduction of a new species, can disturb the balance. You should be able to interpret simple graphs showing predator–prey cycles and explain how populations rise and fall over time.
环境变化，如干旱、洪水或引入新物种，会破坏平衡。你需要能够解读显示捕食者–猎物循环的简单图表，并解释种群数量如何随时间起伏。
10. Classification of Living Organisms | 生物的分类
To make sense of the enormous variety of life, biologists sort organisms into groups based on similarities. The largest groups are kingdoms. Year 7 mainly deals with the Animal and Plant kingdoms, but you may also hear about Fungi, Bacteria and Protoctista.
为了理清生命庞大的多样性，生物学家根据相似性将生物分为不同类群。最大的类群是“界”。七年级主要关注动物界和植物界，但你也会听说真菌界、细菌界和原生生物界。
Within the Animal kingdom, organisms are further divided into vertebrates (animals with a backbone) and invertebrates (without a backbone). The five main vertebrate classes you must know are mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Each class has characteristic features: mammals have fur and produce milk; birds have feathers and beaks; reptiles have dry, scaly skin; amphibians live both in water and on land; and fish have gills and scales.
在动物界中，生物再分为脊椎动物（有脊柱）和无脊椎动物（无脊柱）。你需要了解的五个主要脊椎动物纲是哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类和鱼类。每一类都有明显特征：哺乳类有毛并能产乳；鸟类有羽毛和喙；爬行类有干燥的鳞片皮肤；两栖类可在水中和陆地生活；鱼类有鳃和鳞片。
Invertebrates are further grouped into arthropods (with jointed legs, like insects, crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods) and others such as molluscs (snails, slugs) and annelids (earthworms). Using a simple dichotomous key is a key practical skill: you follow a series of yes/no questions to identify an unknown organism.
无脊椎动物再分为节肢动物（有分节的腿，如昆虫、甲壳动物、蛛形纲和多足纲）以及其他如软体动物（蜗牛、蛞蝓）和环节动物（蚯蚓）。使用简单的二叉式检索表是一项关键的实验技能：你通过一系列“是/否”问题来鉴定未知生物。
11. Practical Skills and Safety | 实验技能与安全
Biology is an experimental science, so safety in the laboratory is the first rule. Always listen to your teacher’s instructions, wear safety goggles when using heat or chemicals, tie back long hair, and never taste or sniff anything in the lab unless told it is safe.
生物学是一门实验科学，因此实验室安全是第一准则。务必听从老师的指导，使用加热或化学药品时佩戴护目镜，扎好长发，未经许可绝不品尝或嗅闻实验室里的任何东西。
You will practise skills such as using a stopwatch to time reactions, reading a thermometer accurately, measuring volumes with a measuring cylinder, and drawing results tables with headings that include units (e.g. Time / s). Learning to record observations neatly and to identify patterns in data is just as important as getting the ‘right answer’.
你将练习使用秒表计时、正确读取温度计、用量筒测量体积，以及画出带单位的表头（如 时间 / 秒）的结果表格。学会整洁地记录观察结果并找出数据规律，这一能力和得到“正确答案”同样重要。
When you encounter a graph, remember SLAP: Scale (fit more than half the grid), Line (draw sharp points and connect them with a ruler or smooth curve), Axes (label with quantity and unit), and Plot (mark points with a small cross). These simple rules will serve you throughout secondary biology.
当你绘制图表时，记住 SLAP 法则：尺度（占据网格一半以上）、线条（画出清晰的点，用直尺或平滑曲线连接）、坐标轴（标量度和单位）和描点（用小十字标记）。这些简单规则将贯穿你的中学生物学习。
12. Summary and Looking Ahead | 总结与后续规划
This bridging course has covered the core structure of Year 7 CIE Biology: the characteristics of life, cells, body systems, plant biology, ecosystems and classification. Refresh these ideas over the summer by reading, drawing labelled diagrams, and perhaps making simple models of a cell or a digestive system with household materials.
本衔接课程涵盖了 CIE 七年级生物的核心结构：生命特征、细胞、人体系统、植物生物学、生态系统和分类。暑假期间你可以通过阅读、绘制标注图，也许用家用材料制作细胞或消化系统模型来重温这些内容。
Coming to school with a clear understanding of these foundations will make lessons more enjoyable and help you ask smart questions. Biology is not just a textbook subject – it explains the living world around you and inside you. Enjoy the journey, and stay curious.
带着对这些基础的清晰理解走进课堂，会让课程更有趣，也能让你提出有深度的问题。生物学不仅仅是课本上的学科——它解释了你身边和体内的生命世界。享受这段旅程，保持好奇心。
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