📚 Year 7 CIE Biology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering biology starts with its special language. In Year 7 CIE Biology, you will meet many new terms — from "cytoplasm" to "photosynthesis". This guide is designed to help you quickly memorise these vocabulary words through simple definitions, memorable hints, and Chinese explanations. You will build a strong foundation for all future science learning by first getting comfortable with the words scientists use.
掌握生物学从它的特殊语言开始。在七年级CIE生物中，你会遇到许多新术语——从“细胞质”到“光合作用”。本指南旨在通过简单的定义、难忘的提示和中文解释，帮助你快速记住这些词汇。通过首先熟悉科学家使用的词语，你将为未来的所有科学学习打下坚实的基础。
1. Cells – The Building Blocks | 细胞 – 生命的积木
Cell membrane: A thin, flexible layer that surrounds every cell. It controls which substances can enter or leave, like a security guard at a gate.
细胞膜： 包裹每个细胞的一层薄而柔韧的膜。它控制哪些物质可以进出，就像大门口的保安。
Mnemonic: Think of the cell membrane as a "border patrol" that checks every molecule's pass.
记忆法：把细胞膜想象成“边境巡逻队”，检查每个分子的通行证。
Nucleus: The control centre of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA). It directs all cell activities, including growth and reproduction.
细胞核： 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA）。它指挥所有的细胞活动，包括生长和繁殖。
Mnemonic: Imagine the nucleus as the "brain" or "headquarters" of the cell.
记忆法：把细胞核想象成细胞的“大脑”或“总部”。
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance filling the cell, where most chemical reactions happen. It holds the organelles in place.
细胞质： 充满细胞的果冻状物质，大多数化学反应在此发生。它使细胞器保持在适当位置。
Mnemonic: Cytoplasm is like the "factory floor" where all the work gets done.
记忆法：细胞质就像“工厂车间”，所有工作都在这里完成。
Cell wall: A rigid outer layer found in plant cells (and some bacteria) that provides support and shape. It is made of cellulose and lies outside the cell membrane.
细胞壁： 植物细胞（及某些细菌）中发现的坚硬外层，提供支撑和形状。它由纤维素构成，位于细胞膜外侧。
Mnemonic: Think of the cell wall as the "brick wall" of a plant, giving it a strong box-like structure.
记忆法：把细胞壁想象成植物的“砖墙”，赋予它坚固的盒子状结构。
Chloroplast: A green organelle containing chlorophyll, found in plant cells. It captures light energy to make food through photosynthesis.
叶绿体： 含有叶绿素的绿色细胞器，存在于植物细胞中。它捕获光能，通过光合作用制造食物。
Mnemonic: "Chloro-" means green, and "-plast" means particle. Picture tiny green solar panels inside the leaf.
记忆法：“叶绿”意为绿色，“体”意为颗粒。想象叶片内部微型的绿色太阳能电池板。
Vacuole: A large, fluid-filled sac inside plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste. It helps maintain turgor pressure, keeping the plant upright.
液泡： 植物细胞内部一个充满液体的大囊，储存水分、营养物质和废物。它有助于维持膨压，使植物保持挺立。
Mnemonic: The vacuole is like a "water tank" that keeps the plant cell plump and firm.
记忆法：液泡就像“水箱”，使植物细胞饱满坚挺。
2. Life Processes – Remember MRS GREN | 生命过程 – 记住MRS GREN
All living things share seven life processes, which can be memorised using the acronym MRS GREN. Each letter stands for a vital activity.
所有生物都有七种生命过程，可以用首字母缩写MRS GREN来记忆。每个字母代表一项重要活动。
M – Movement: An action by an organism that causes a change in position or place. Even plants move by turning towards light.
M – 运动 (Movement)： 生物体引起位置或地点变化的动作。即使是植物也会通过向光转动来运动。
R – Respiration: The chemical process of releasing energy from food. It occurs in every living cell and usually needs oxygen.
R – 呼吸作用 (Respiration)： 从食物中释放能量的化学过程。它发生在每个活细胞中，通常需要氧气。
S – Sensitivity: The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment. For example, pupils shrink in bright light.
S – 感应 (Sensitivity)： 探测并对环境变化作出反应的能力。例如，瞳孔在强光下收缩。
G – Growth: A permanent increase in size and dry mass. Animals grow until maturity, while many plants grow throughout their lives.
G – 生长 (Growth)： 体型和干质量的永久增加。动物长到成熟期停止，而许多植物终生生长。
R – Reproduction: The production of offspring. It can be sexual (needs two parents) or asexual (one parent).
R – 繁殖 (Reproduction)： 产生后代。可以是有性的（需要两个亲本）或无性的（一个亲本）。
E – Excretion: The removal of metabolic waste products from the body. Examples include exhaling carbon dioxide and urinating.
E – 排泄 (Excretion)： 从体内清除代谢废物。例如呼出二氧化碳和排尿。
N – Nutrition: The intake and use of food for energy, growth, and repair. Plants make their own food; animals eat other living things.
N – 营养 (Nutrition)： 摄入并利用食物以获得能量、生长和修复。植物自己制造食物；动物食用其他生物。
3. Classification – Sorting Life | 分类 – 梳理生命
Biologists organise the diversity of life using a system of classification. Key terms help you understand how organisms are grouped and identified.
生物学家用分类系统来梳理生命的多样性。关键术语帮助你理解生物是如何分组和鉴别的。
Kingdom: The highest rank in biological classification. The five kingdoms are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, and Prokaryotes (bacteria).
界 (Kingdom)： 生物分类的最高等级。五个界分别是动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界（细菌）。
Species: A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. For example, all domestic dogs belong to the same species.
物种 (Species)： 能够互相交配并产生可育后代的一群生物。例如，所有的家犬都属于同一物种。
Vertebrate: An animal with a backbone. Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
脊椎动物 (Vertebrate)： 有脊柱的动物。脊椎动物包括哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类。
Invertebrate: An animal without a backbone, such as insects, spiders, snails, and worms. Over 95% of animal species are invertebrates.
无脊椎动物 (Invertebrate)： 没有脊柱的动物，如昆虫、蜘蛛、蜗牛和蠕虫。超过95%的动物物种是无脊椎动物。
Mammals: Warm-blooded vertebrates with hair/fur and mammary glands that produce milk. They give birth to live young (except platypus and echidna).
哺乳动物 (Mammals)： 温血脊椎动物，体表有毛/发，有产生乳汁的乳腺。它们胎生（鸭嘴兽和针鼹除外）。
Dichotomous key: A tool used to identify organisms based on a series of choices between two contrasting characteristics. Each step narrows down the possibilities.
二分检索表 (Dichotomous key)： 基于一系列二选一的对比特征来识别生物的工具。每一步都缩小可能范围。
4. Ecology – Habitats and Interactions | 生态 – 栖息地与相互作用
Ecology studies how living things interact with each other and their environment. These terms describe the organisation of life in nature.
生态学研究生物如何与彼此及环境相互作用。这些术语描述了自然界中生命的组织形式。
Habitat: The specific place where an organism lives, providing food, shelter, and suitable conditions. A pond is the habitat for frogs and water lilies.
栖息地 (Habitat)： 生物居住的特定场所，提供食物、庇护所和适宜的条件。池塘是青蛙和睡莲的栖息地。
Population: All the members of a single species living in the same area at the same time. For example, a population of rabbits in a field.
种群 (Population)： 在同一时间生活在同一区域的所有同种个体。例如，田野里的一群兔子。
Community: All the different populations of organisms living together in an area. It includes plants, animals, and microorganisms.
群落 (Community)： 共同生活在一个区域内的所有不同生物种群。包括植物、动物和微生物。
Ecosystem: A natural unit made up of a community of organisms and their physical environment, interacting together. Examples: a forest, a coral reef.
生态系统 (Ecosystem)： 由生物群落及其物理环境相互作用形成的自然单元。例如：森林、珊瑚礁。
Producer: An organism that makes its own food using energy from sunlight (photosynthesis). Green plants and algae are producers.
生产者 (Producer)： 利用太阳光能（光合作用）自己制造食物的生物。绿色植物和藻类是生产者。
Consumer: An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms. Primary consumers eat plants; secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
消费者 (Consumer)： 通过捕食其他生物获取能量的生物。初级消费者吃植物，次级消费者吃初级消费者。
Decomposer: Organisms, like bacteria and fungi, that break down dead material and recycle nutrients back into the soil.
分解者 (Decomposer)： 像细菌和真菌这样的生物，分解死去的物质并将养分回收至土壤中。
Food chain and food web: energy flow (grass → rabbit → fox). A food web is a network of interconnected food chains.
食物链和食物网 (Food chain / Food web)： 食物链显示单一的能量流动路径（草 → 兔子 → 狐狸）。食物网是相互连接的食物链网络。
5. Plants – Photosynthesis and Transport | 植物 – 光合作用与运输
Plants are amazing living factories. They convert light energy into chemical energy and have special tissues to move water and food around.
植物是奇妙的活工厂。它们将光能转化为化学能，并拥有特殊组织来运输水分和养料。
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. The balanced word equation reminds you of the inputs and outputs.
光合作用 (Photosynthesis)： 绿色植物利用阳光、二氧化碳和水生成葡萄糖和氧气的过程。配平的方程式可提醒你反应物和生成物。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen | 二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气
Chlorophyll: The green pigment found inside chloroplasts. It absorbs sunlight energy, which is essential for photosynthesis.
叶绿素 (Chlorophyll)： 叶绿体内的绿色色素。它吸收太阳光能，这对光合作用至关重要。
Xylem: Dead, hollow tubes in plants that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots up to the leaves. Think "xylem up" — water rises.
木质部 (Xylem)： 植物体内死的中空管道，将水和溶解的矿物质从根向上运输到叶子。联想“xylem向上”——水上升。
Phloem: Living tubes that transport dissolved sugars (the products of photosynthesis) from the leaves to all other parts of the plant. "Phloem down and around" — food moves in all directions.
韧皮部 (Phloem)： 活的管道，将溶解的糖（光合作用产物）从叶子运输到植物所有其他部分。“Phloem向下及四周”——养料向各个方向移动。
Stomata: Tiny pores on the lower surface of leaves that allow gases to diffuse in and out. Carbon dioxide enters; oxygen and water vapour exit.
气孔 (Stomata)： 叶片下表面的微小小孔，允许气体扩散进出。二氧化碳进入；氧气和水蒸气排出。
Root hair cell: A specialised cell on the root surface that increases the surface area for absorbing water and minerals from the soil.
根毛细胞 (Root hair cell)： 根表面的特化细胞，增大了从土壤吸收水分和矿物质的表面积。
6. Human Body Systems – Organisation | 人体系统 – 组织层次
The human body is organised into levels: cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in systems. Recognising these levels helps you build a mental map.
人体按层次组织：细胞构成组织，组织构成器官，器官在系统中协同工作。识别这些层次有助于你建立思维导图。
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism: A muscle cell works with other muscle cells to form muscle tissue (tissue). Muscle tissue combines with connective tissue to make the stomach (organ). The stomach together with the intestines and glands forms the digestive system (organ system). All systems together make the human organism.
细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体： 肌肉细胞与其他肌肉细胞一起形成肌肉组织（组织）。肌肉组织与结缔组织结合构成胃（器官）。胃与肠和腺体共同组成消化系统（器官系统）。所有系统共同构成人体。
Digestion: The process of breaking down large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Key organs: mouth (chewing), oesophagus (swallowing), stomach (acid and enzymes), small intestine (digestion and absorption), large intestine (water absorption).
消化 (Digestion)： 将大的不可溶性食物分子分解为可吸收的小分子的过程。关键器官：口腔（咀嚼）、食道（吞咽）、胃（酸和酶）、小肠（消化和吸收）、大肠（吸收水分）。
Respiration (gas exchange): s through trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli, where oxygen diffuses into the blood.
呼吸（气体交换）(Gas exchange)： 呼吸系统将空气送入肺。空气经气管→支气管→细支气管→肺泡，在肺泡处氧气扩散进入血液。
Circulation: The heart pumps blood through arteries (carry blood away), capillaries (thin-walled for exchange), and veins (carry blood back). The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
循环 (Circulation)： 心脏将血液泵入动脉（将血液带走）、毛细血管（壁薄用于交换）和静脉（将血液送回）。循环系统运输氧气、营养物和废物。
7. Reproduction – From Flowers to Babies | 生殖 – 从花到婴儿
Reproduction ensures the continuation of species. In Year 7, you explore both the flowering plant reproductive system and the basics of human reproduction.
繁殖保证了物种的延续。在七年级，你会探究开花植物的生殖系统以及人类生殖的基础。
Stamen (male part): The stamen consists of the anther, which produces pollen grains, and the filament, which holds the anther up.
雄蕊（雄性部分）(Stamen)： 雄蕊由花药（产生花粉粒）和花丝（支撑花药）组成。
Carpel (female part): The carpel includes the stigma (sticky top that catches pollen), style (tube connecting stigma to ovary), and ovary (contains ovules).
心皮（雌性部分）(Carpel)： 心皮包括柱头（粘住花粉的顶部）、花柱（连接柱头和子房的管）和子房（含有胚珠）。
Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. It can be carried by wind, insects, or other animals.
传粉 (Pollination)： 花粉从花药转移到柱头的过程。可以由风、昆虫或其他动物携带。
Fertilisation (plant): A pollen tube grows down from the pollen grain on the stigma to the ovary, and the male nucleus fuses with the female egg cell inside an ovule to form a zygote.
受精（植物）(Fertilisation)： 花粉粒在柱头上长出花粉管，穿过花柱到达子房，雄性细胞核与胚珠中的雌性卵细胞融合形成受精卵。
Human gametes: The sperm (male sex cell, very small, swim with a tail) and the egg (female sex cell, comparatively large, contains food reserves).
人类配子： 精子（雄性生殖细胞，非常小，用尾巴游动）和卵子（雌性生殖细胞，相对较大，含有养分储备）。
Fertilisation (human): The fusion of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell. This forms a zygote, which develops into an embryo, then a foetus, and is nourished via the placenta.
受精（人类）(Fertilisation)： 精子细胞核与卵子细胞核融合。这形成受精卵，发育成胚胎，然后是胎儿，并通过胎盘获得营养。
8. Biomolecules – Nutrients and Food Tests | 生物分子 – 营养素与食物检测
Food contains different nutrients, each with a specific role. You can identify these nutrients in the lab using chemical tests.
食物含有不同的营养素，各有特定的作用。你可以在实验室用化学检测来鉴定这些营养素。
Carbohydrates: The main source of energy. Simple sugars (glucose) give quick energy; complex carbohydrates (starch) provide sustained energy. Starch is stored in plants.
碳水化合物 (Carbohydrates)： 主要的能量来源。单糖（葡萄糖）提供快速能量；复杂碳水化合物（淀粉）提供持久能量。淀粉储存在植物中。
Proteins: Nutrients needed for growth and repair of body tissues. They are made of long chains of amino acids. High in meat, eggs, and beans.
蛋白质 (Proteins)： 身体组织生长和修复所需的营养素。由氨基酸长链组成。富含于肉类、蛋类和豆类。
Lipids (fats and oils): A concentrated energy store, also providing insulation and protecting organs. Fats are solid at room temperature; oils are liquid.
脂质（脂肪和油）(Lipids)： 浓缩的能量储存，
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