📚 Year 7 CIE Chemistry: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Year 7 CIE 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering chemistry begins with understanding its language. This guide helps Year 7 CIE students memorise key terms through clear explanations, memorable tips, and paired Chinese translations. Use these sections as a quick reference or revision aid.
掌握化学从理解它的语言开始。本指南通过清晰的解释、好记的技巧和中英对照，帮助 Year 7 CIE 学生记住关键术语。可将这些部分用作快速参考或复习助手。
1. States of Matter | 物质的状态
Matter exists in three main states: solid, liquid and gas. The particle model describes how particles are arranged and move. Understanding the states helps you explain melting, boiling and condensation.
物质以三种主要状态存在：固态、液态和气态。粒子模型描述了粒子的排列方式和运动方式。理解这些状态有助于你解释熔化、沸腾和凝结。
In a solid, particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and can only vibrate in fixed positions. Solids have a definite shape and volume.
在固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则的图案，只能在固定位置上振动。固体有确定的形状和体积。
In a liquid, particles are close together but can slide past each other. Liquids take the shape of the container but have a fixed volume.
在液体中，粒子相互靠近，但可以相互滑动过去。液体形状随容器而变，但体积固定。
In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions. Gases have no definite shape or volume and fill any container.
在气体中，粒子相距很远，朝各个方向快速运动。气体没有固定的形状和体积，会充满任何容器。
Phase changes include melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), boiling/evaporation (liquid to gas), and condensation (gas to liquid). Sublimation is when a solid turns directly into a gas, such as dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).
相变包括熔化（固态→液态）、凝固（液态→固态）、沸腾/蒸发（液态→气态）和凝结（气态→液态）。升华是指固体直接变成气体，例如干冰（固体二氧化碳）。
| Change | From → To | Memory Tip |
|---|---|---|
| Melting (熔化) | Solid → Liquid | Ice 'melts' and becomes water; M like 'melt'. |
| Freezing (凝固) | Liquid → Solid | F for 'freeze', water turns to ice. |
| Boiling / Evaporation (沸腾/蒸发) | Liquid → Gas | Water boils into steam; evaporation happens at surface. |
| Condensation (凝结) | Gas → Liquid | 'Condense' sounds like 'dense' – gas becomes a denser liquid. |
| Sublimation (升华) | Solid → Gas | 'Sub' + 'lime' – think of lime powder turning into scent (gas). |
2. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
A physical change is reversible and does not produce new substances. Examples include melting ice, dissolving salt in water, and tearing paper.
物理变化是可逆的，不产生新物质。例子包括冰融化、盐溶于水和撕纸。
A chemical change is usually irreversible and forms one or more new substances. Common signs: colour change, gas production, temperature change, or a precipitate forming.
化学变化通常是不可逆的，并生成一种或多种新物质。常见迹象：颜色变化、气体产生、温度变化或生成沉淀。
Tip: Remember 'P' for Physical (same stuff) and 'C' for Chemical (changed stuff). In Chinese, 物理变化 '物' like 'same thing', 化学变化 '化' like 'transformation'.
记忆技巧：记住 'P' 代表物理（同样的东西），'C' 代表化学（变化的东西）。中文里，“物理变化”的“物”像“同样的物体”，“化学变化”的“化”像“转化”。
| Feature | Physical Change | Chemical Change |
|---|---|---|
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