Year 7 CIE Physics Transition Guide | Year 7 CIE 物理：升学衔接指南

📚 Year 7 CIE Physics Transition Guide | Year 7 CIE 物理：升学衔接指南

Moving from primary science into Year 7 Physics is an exciting step. You will leave behind general topic work and begin to explore the laws that govern the universe – forces, energy, light – in a more precise and experimental way. This guide will help you build confidence, master key skills, and see how physics connects to the world around you.

从小学科学过渡到七年级物理是令人兴奋的一步。你将告别综合主题式学习，开始以更精确、更实验的方式探索支配宇宙的规律——力、能量、光等。本指南将帮助你建立信心、掌握关键技能，并理解物理如何与你周围的世界紧密相连。

1. From Primary Science to Standalone Physics | 从小学科学到独立物理学科

In primary school, science was often taught through topics like “Ourselves” or “Weather”. Now Physics becomes a separate subject with its own language, practical work, and problem‑solving methods. You will learn to ask “why” and “how” and to find answers using evidence.

在小学阶段，科学通常围绕“我们自己”或“天气”等主题展开。如今物理成为一门独立学科，拥有自己的语言、实验操作和问题解决方法。你将学会追问“为什么”和“怎样发生”，并利用证据寻找答案。

The Year 7 CIE curriculum covers a broad spectrum: motion, forces, energy, waves, electricity, the particle model, and astronomy. Lessons mix theory with hands‑on investigation, so you will record data, draw graphs, and write conclusions – just like a real physicist.

七年级CIE课程涵盖广泛内容：运动、力、能量、波、电学、粒子模型和天文学。课堂将理论与动手探究相结合，你需要记录数据、绘制图表并撰写结论——就像真正的物理学家那样。

2. Laboratory Safety First | 实验室安全第一

Physics practicals are fascinating, but safety is the most important rule. Before you touch any equipment, your teacher will explain the hazards and how to work responsibly. Always listen to instructions and never rush.

物理实验非常有趣，但安全是最重要的原则。在你接触任何器材之前，老师会解释潜在危险以及如何负责任地操作。务必听从指导，绝不仓促行事。

Safety Rule (English)	安全规则（中文）
Tie back long hair and tuck in loose clothing.	扎起长发，塞好宽松衣物。
Wear safety goggles when heating or using chemicals.	加热或使用化学品时佩戴护目镜。
Never eat or drink in the laboratory.	禁止在实验室吃喝。
Report all spills, breakages, or burns to the teacher immediately.	如有泼溅、破损或烫伤立即报告老师。
Know the location of the fire extinguisher and emergency exits.	了解灭火器和紧急出口的位置。

Before using a Bunsen burner, you must learn how to open the air hole to get a roaring blue flame – the hottest and cleanest flame – and how to close it for a yellow safety flame. Always turn the gas off completely after use.

使用本生灯前，你必须学会如何打开气孔获得呼呼作响的蓝色火焰——那是温度最高、最洁净的火焰——以及如何关闭气孔使其变为黄色安全火焰。使用后务必完全关闭燃气。

3. Physical Quantities, Units, and Measurements | 物理量、单位与测量

Physics is built on measurement. Every physical quantity has a unit, and in Year 7 you will begin using the SI system consistently. Measuring accurately and understanding uncertainty are skills you will develop throughout the year.

物理学建立在测量的基础上。每一个物理量都有单位，在七年级你将开始系统地使用国际单位制（SI）。准确测量并理解不确定性是贯穿全年的技能发展重点。

Quantity	物理量	SI Unit	国际单位	Common Measuring Tool	常用测量工具
Length	长度	metre (m)	米	Ruler / metre rule	直尺/米尺
Mass	质量	kilogram (kg)	千克	Electronic balance	电子天平
Time	时间	second (s)	秒	Stopwatch / stop‑clock	秒表/停钟
Temperature	温度	degree Celsius (°C) / kelvin (K)	摄氏度/开尔文	Thermometer / data logger	温度计/数据记录仪
Volume	体积	cubic metre (m³) or litre (L)	立方米或升	Measuring cylinder	量筒

When reading a scale, your eye must be level with the liquid surface (the meniscus). Always record the smallest division of the instrument and estimate one extra digit if possible. Repeating readings and calculating a mean improves reliability.

读数时视线必须与液面（弯月面）齐平。始终记录仪器的最小分度值，可能的话再估读一位。重复读数并计算平均值可提高可靠性。

4. States of Matter and the Particle Model | 物质状态与粒子模型

All substances are made of tiny particles that are constantly moving. The particle model helps explain why solids keep a fixed shape, liquids flow, and gases fill their container. In Year 7 you will draw particle diagrams and use them to explain physical changes.

所有物质都由不断运动的微小粒子构成。粒子模型有助于解释为什么固体保持固定形状、液体可流动、气体会充满容器。在七年级，你将绘制粒子图并用来解释物理变化。

In solids, particles vibrate in fixed positions, closely packed in a regular pattern. In liquids, particles are still close but can slide past each other. In gases, particles are far apart, move rapidly in all directions, and have negligible attraction.

固体中，粒子在固定位置振动，紧密排列成规则图案。液体中，粒子仍然紧密但可以相互滑动。气体中，粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动，且引力可忽略不计。

When a solid is heated, particles vibrate more vigorously and may overcome some attractive forces – this leads to melting. Boiling occurs when bubbles of gas form throughout the liquid. These are reversible physical changes; no new substance is made.

固体受热时，粒子振动更剧烈，可能克服部分吸引力——这导致熔化。沸腾时液体内各处都有气泡形成。这些都是可逆的物理变化，没有新物质生成。

Diffusion is evidence for particle motion: a smell spreads through a room because gas particles move randomly and mix with air particles. Diffusion is fastest in gases and extremely slow in solids.

扩散是粒子运动的证据：气味在房间中传播是因为气体粒子随机运动并与空气粒子混合。气体中扩散最快，固体中极其缓慢。

5. Introduction to Forces | 力的探索

A force is a push, a pull, or a twist. Forces can change an object’s speed, direction, or shape. In Year 7, you will learn to measure forces using a newton meter and represent them with arrows in diagrams.

力是推、拉或扭转。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。在七年级，你将学习使用弹簧测力计测量力，并在图中用箭头表示力。

Type of force	力的类型	Description	描述
Gravitational (weight)	重力（重量）	The pull of the Earth on an object; measured in newtons (N). Depends on mass and gravitational field strength.	地球对物体的吸引力；单位为牛顿（N）。取决于质量及引力场强度。
Friction	摩擦力	A force that opposes motion between two surfaces; can be useful (brakes) or unwanted (engine wear).	阻碍两个表面相对运动的力；可能有用（刹车）或有害（发动机磨损）。
Magnetic force	磁力	The pull or push between magnets or between a magnet and magnetic materials; strongest at the poles.	磁体之间或磁体与磁性材料间的吸引或排斥力；两极处最强。
Upthrust / buoyancy	浮力	An upward force exerted by a fluid on an object submerged in it.	浸在流体中的物体受到的向上的力。

Balanced forces mean no resultant force, so an object either stays at rest or moves at constant speed in a straight line. When forces are unbalanced, the object accelerates or decelerates. You will investigate this using trolleys and forcemeters.

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平衡力意味着合力为零，因此物体要么静止，要么沿直线匀速运动。当力不平衡时，物体会加速或减速。你将使用小车和测力计对此进行探究。

weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)

重量（N）= 质量（kg） × 引力场强度（N/kg）

On Earth, gravitational field strength is about 10 N/kg (more precisely 9.8 N/kg), so a 1 kg mass weighs approximately 10 N. Remember: mass is the amount of matter; weight is a force.

在地球上，引力场强度约为 10 N/kg（更精确为 9.8 N/kg），因此 1 kg 质量的物体重约 10 N。记住：质量是物质的多少；重量是一种力。

6. Energy Types and Conservation | 能量类型与守恒

Energy is not a substance but an ability to do work. It comes in many forms – kinetic, thermal, light, sound, electrical, elastic potential, gravitational potential, and chemical. In Year 7, you will identify energy stores and follow energy transfers.

能量并非一种物质，而是做功的本领。能量有多种形式——动能、热能、光能、声能、电能、弹性势能、重力势能和化学能。在七年级，你将识别能量储存并追踪能量转移。

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred from one store to another or transformed from one type to another. The total energy before a change always equals the total energy after.

能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能创造也不能消灭；它只能从一个储存转移到另一个储存，或从一种形式转化为另一种形式。变化前的总能量始终等于变化后的总能量。

When a ball is thrown upwards, kinetic energy is transferred to gravitational potential energy. As it falls, the transfer reverses. In all machines, some energy dissipates as thermal energy due to friction – this is why perpetual motion machines are impossible.

向上抛球时，动能转化为重力势能。下落时，转化反向进行。在所有机器中，由于摩擦，部分能量以热能的形式耗散——这就是永动机不可能实现的原因。

Renewable sources (solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectric) can be replenished, whereas non‑renewable fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are finite and release carbon dioxide when burned. Learning to compare energy resources is an important step toward understanding sustainability.

可再生能源（太阳能、风能、潮汐能、水力发电）可以再生，而不可再生的化石燃料（煤、石油、天然气）是有限的，燃烧时会释放二氧化碳。学会比较能源资源是理解可持续发展的重要一步。

7. Basics of Electric Circuits | 电路基础

An electric circuit must be complete (a closed loop) for current to flow. Current is the flow of electric charge, carried by electrons moving through a conductor such as copper wire. You will build simple circuits using cells, bulbs, switches, and buzzers.

电路必须是完整的（闭合回路）才能有电流流动。电流是电荷的流动，由电子通过导体（如铜线）的移动来承载。你将使用电池、灯泡、开关和蜂鸣器搭建简单电路。

Conductors (metals, graphite) allow current to pass easily because they contain free electrons; insulators (plastic, rubber, glass) block the flow. Never open a mains‑powered appliance; all school experiments use low‑voltage battery packs.

导体（金属、石墨）因含有自由电子而容易让电流通过；绝缘体（塑料、橡胶、玻璃）则阻止电流流动。切勿打开接市电的电器；所有学校实验均使用低压电池组。

Components can be connected in series, forming a single loop where the current is the same everywhere. If one bulb fails, the whole circuit goes out – this is how older fairy lights worked. In a parallel circuit, each branch has its own path; a fault in one branch does not stop the others.

元件可以串联连接，形成单一回路，各处电流相等。如果一个灯泡损坏，整个电路就会熄灭——老式串灯就是这样工作的。在并联电路中，每个支路拥有独立路径；一条支路出现故障不会影响其他支路。

Current in a series circuit: I₁ = I₂ = I₃

串联电路中的电流：I₁ = I₂ = I₃

You will measure current using an ammeter connected in series and voltage using a voltmeter connected in parallel. Remember: amps (A) for current, volts (V) for potential difference. Always check your connections before switching on.

你将使用串联的安培表测量电流，使用并联的伏特表测量电压。记住：电流用安培（A），电势差用伏特（V）。接通前务必检查连接情况。

8. Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation | 热传递：传导、对流、辐射

Heat energy always moves from a hotter region to a cooler region. The three methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and thermal radiation. Understanding them helps explain everything from home insulation to sea breezes.

热能总是从较热的区域向较冷的区域移动。热传递的三种方式为传导、对流和热辐射。理解它们有助于解释从住宅保温到海风的种种现象。

Conduction happens mainly in solids: vibrating particles pass energy to neighbours without moving from their fixed positions. Metals are excellent conductors because of their free electrons; non‑metals and gases are poor conductors (insulators).

传导主要发生在固体中：振动的粒子将能量传递给相邻粒子而自身不发生位置移动。金属因含有自由电子而成为优良导体；非金属和气体是差导体（绝热体）。

Convection occurs in fluids (liquids and gases). When a fluid is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises. Cooler, denser fluid sinks to take its place, creating a convection current. This is how radiators warm a room.

对流发生在流体（液体和气体）中。流体受热时膨胀、密度变小并上升，较冷、密度较大的流体下降取而代之，形成对流循环。暖气片就是以此方式温暖房间。

Thermal radiation is the transfer of heat by infrared waves; it does not require a medium and can travel through a vacuum. Matt black surfaces are the best absorbers and emitters, while shiny silver surfaces reflect radiation. This is applied in solar panels and emergency blankets.

热辐射是通过红外波进行的热量传递；它不需要介质并可在真空中传播。亚光黑色表面是最佳的吸收体和发射体，而光亮的银色表面反射辐射。这应用于太阳能电池板和应急救生毯。

9. Light and Seeing | 光与视觉

Light travels in straight lines at a speed of about 300,000,000 m/s in a vacuum. You will investigate how shadows form and how the size of a shadow depends on the distance between the object and the screen. A point source produces a sharp shadow; an extended source produces a blurred umbra and penumbra.

光在真空中以约 300,000,000 m/s 的速度沿直线传播。你将探究影子如何形成，以及影子的大小如何取决于物体与屏幕之间的距离。点光源产生清晰影子，扩展光源则产生模糊的本影和半影。

ize as the object. The law of reflection states: angle of incidence = angle of reflection.

反射是光从表面弹回的现象。平面镜所成的像是正立的、左右颠倒的，且与物体大小相同。反射定律表明：入射角 = 反射角。

Refraction occurs when light passes from one transparent medium to another, causing it to change speed and direction. A straw in a glass of water looks bent because light travels slower in water than in air. White light can be split into the colours of the rainbow using a prism – this is called dispersion.

光从一种透明介质进入另一种时会发生折射，使速度与方向发生改变。水杯中的吸管看起来弯折，是因为光在水中的传播速度比在空气中慢。使用棱镜可将白光分解为彩虹的颜色——这被称为色散。

We see objects because light reflects off them into our eyes. A red apple appears red because it reflects red light and absorbs other colours. The retina in our eye contains light‑sensitive cells that send signals to the brain.

我们看到物体是因为光从物体表面反射入眼。红苹果之所以看起来是红色，是因为它反射红光而吸收其他颜色。我们眼睛中的视网膜含有对光敏感的细胞，可将信号传给大脑。

10. Sound and Hearing | 声音与听觉

Sound is produced by vibrations that travel as longitudinal waves. In a longitudinal wave, particles vibrate back and forth in the same direction as the energy transfer. Sound needs a medium – it cannot travel through a vacuum, which is why space is silent.

声音由振动产生，并以纵波的形式传播。在纵波中，粒子沿能量传递方向来回振动。声音需要介质——它无法在真空中传播，因此太空中是寂静的。

The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency (number of vibrations per second, measured in hertz, Hz). A high frequency gives a high‑pitched note. Amplitude determines loudness; a larger amplitude means a louder sound.

声音的音调取决于频率（每秒振动次数，单位为赫兹 Hz）。频率高则音调高。振幅决定响度；振幅越大，声音越响。

The human ear collects sound waves with the outer ear (pinna); they travel down the ear canal and vibrate the eardrum. Tiny bones amplify the vibrations and send them to the cochlea, which converts them into electrical signals for the brain. Prolonged exposure to loud noise can damage hearing permanently.

人耳通过外耳（耳廓）收集声波；声波沿耳道传递并使鼓膜振动。微小骨链放大振动并将其传入耳蜗，耳蜗将之转化为电信号传递给大脑。长时间暴露在巨大噪声中会永久损伤听力。

Echoes are reflections of sound. Hard, flat surfaces produce clear echoes; soft materials absorb sound. Sonar uses echoes to map the ocean floor, showing how physics concepts are used in real‑world technology.

回声是声音的反射。坚硬、平坦的表面产生清晰回声；柔软材料吸收声音。声呐利用回声绘制海底地图，展示了物理概念如何应用于现实世界的技术中。

11. The Solar System and Beyond | 太阳系与宇宙

Our Solar System consists of the Sun, eight planets, moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets. Gravity keeps the

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