📚 Physics Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | 物理词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary is essential for success in Year 7 CIE Physics. This guide provides a fast and effective way to memorise important physics terms through paired English and Chinese explanations, simple definitions, and memory tips. Use it alongside your class notes to build a solid foundation for later study.
掌握关键词汇对于 Year 7 CIE 物理的成功至关重要。本指南通过配对的中英解释、简单定义和记忆技巧，提供了一种快速有效的记忆重要物理术语的方法。将它与你的课堂笔记结合使用，为后续学习打下坚实基础。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
This section introduces the basic language used to describe pushes, pulls and changes in motion.
本节介绍用于描述推、拉以及运动变化的基本用语。
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
force | 力 |
newton (N) | 牛顿（力的单位） |
friction | 摩擦力 |
air resistance | 空气阻力 |
balanced forces | 平衡力 |
unbalanced forces | 非平衡力 |
A force is a push or a pull acting on an object. It can make a stationary object move, stop a moving object, change its speed, alter its direction, or even change its shape.
力是作用在物体上的推或拉。它可以让静止的物体运动、让运动的物体停下、改变物体的速度、方向，甚至改变其形状。
Friction is a contact force that opposes motion between two surfaces. It can be useful, such as when rubber tyres grip the road, or a nuisance, generating heat and wearing parts down.
摩擦力是一种阻碍两接触面相对运动的接触力。它可能是有用的，比如橡胶轮胎抓紧路面；也可能是讨厌的，会产生热量并使部件磨损。
When forces on an object are balanced, the object remains at rest or moves at a constant speed in a straight line. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration – their resultant force is not zero.
当作用在物体上的力平衡时，物体保持静止或沿直线匀速运动。非平衡力则会产生加速度或减速度——它们的合力不为零。
2. Energy Forms and Transfers | 能量形式与转化
Energy is a central idea in physics. Knowing the names of different energy stores and how energy moves helps you describe almost every physical process.
能量是物理学的核心概念。了解不同能量储存的名称以及能量如何转移，有助于你描述几乎所有的物理过程。
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
kinetic energy | 动能 |
gravitational potential energy | 重力势能 |
elastic potential energy | 弹性势能 |
thermal energy | 热能 |
chemical energy | 化学能 |
electrical energy | 电能 |
light energy | 光能 |
energy transfer | 能量转移 |
conservation of energy | 能量守恒 |
Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. The faster it moves and the greater its mass, the more kinetic energy it has.
动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量。它运动得越快、质量越大，动能就越大。
Gravitational potential energy is stored in an object because of its height above the ground. The higher the object is lifted, the more gravitational potential energy it gains.
重力势能是由于物体离地面的高度而储存的能量。物体被举得越高，获得的重力势能就越多。
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another or transformed from one form into another. In any change, the total energy remains constant.
能量守恒原理指出，能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能从一个储存转移到另一个储存，或从一种形式转化为另一种形式。在任何变化中，总能量保持不变。
3. Speed and Measurement | 速度与测量
Measuring and calculating speed is one of the first quantitative skills in physics. This vocabulary will help you describe motion accurately.
测量和计算速度是物理学中最先接触的定量技能之一。这些词汇将帮助你准确地描述运动。
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
speed | 速度 |
distance | 距离 |
time | 时间 |
average speed | 平均速度 |
metre per second (m/s) | 米每秒 |
kilometre per hour (km/h) | 千米每小时 |
using the equation speed = distance ÷ time. In symbols this is often written as v = d / t.
速度告诉你物体运动的快慢。它通过公式速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间计算。符号上常写作 v = d / t。
The standard scientific unit for speed is metre per second (m/s). However, in everyday life we also use kilometres per hour (km/h). You must be able to convert between them: 1 m/s is equal to 3.6 km/h.
速度的标准科学单位是米每秒（m/s）。然而，日常生活中我们也使用千米每小时（km/h）。你必须能够进行换算：1 m/s 等于 3.6 km/h。
Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken. It does not reflect variations in speed during the journey.
平均速度是总行驶距离除以总所用时间。它不能反映旅程中速度的变化。
4. Mass, Weight and Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Many beginners confuse mass and weight. This section clarifies the difference and introduces the gravitational force that links them.
许多初学者混淆质量和重量。本节阐明它们的区别，并介绍将它们联系起来的重力。
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
mass | 质量 |
weight | 重量 |
gravity | 重力（引力） |
gravitational field strength (g) | 重力场强度 |
newton (N) | 牛顿（重量单位） |
kilogram (kg) | 千克（质量单位） |
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It is measured in kilograms (kg) and does not change whether you are on Earth, the Moon or floating in space.
质量是物体所含物质的多少。它以千克（kg）为单位，无论你是在地球、月球还是太空中漂浮，质量都不会改变。
Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity. It is measured in newtons (N) and changes with the gravitational field strength. On Earth, g is about 10 N/kg; on the Moon it is only about 1.6 N/kg, so your weight would be much less.
重量是由于重力而施加在物体上的力。它以牛顿（N）为单位，并随重力场强度而变化。在地球上，g 大约为 10 N/kg；在月球上仅有约 1.6 N/kg，因此你的重量会小得多。
g, where W is weight in N, m is mass in kg, and g is gravitational field strength in N/kg.
重量与质量的关系由公式 W = m × g 给出，其中 W 是重量（N），m 是质量（kg），g 是重力场强度（N/kg）。
5. Sound Waves | 声波
Sound is a fascinating form of energy that travels as a wave. Learning the terminology here will help you discuss pitch, loudness and how sound moves through different substances.
声音是一种以波的形式传播的迷人能量。学习这里的术语将有助于你讨论音调、响度以及声音如何通过不同物质传播。
| English Term | 中文术语 |
|---|---|
vibration | 振动 |
longitudinal wave | 纵波 |
medium | 介质 |
vacuum | 真空 |
pitch | 音调 |
frequency (hertz, Hz) | 频率（赫兹） |
loudness | 响度 |
amplitude | 振幅 |
Sound is produced by vibrating objects. These vibrations cause the surrounding particles in a medium (solid, liquid or gas) to vibrate in the same direction as the wave travels, forming a longitudinal wave.
声音由振动的物体产生。这些振动使周围介质（固体、液体或气体）中的粒子沿波传播的方向振动，形成纵波。
The pitch of a sound is determined by its frequency. A high-frequency wave (many vibrations per second) gives a high-pitched sound, while a low-frequency wave gives a low-pitched sound. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
声音的音调由其频率决定。高频波（每秒振动次数多）产生高音调的声音，低频波则产生低音调的声音。频率以赫兹（Hz）为单位。
Loudness depends on the amplitude of the wave. A larger amplitude means more energy is being carried and the sound
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