📚 Year 7 CIE Physics: A Complete Syllabus Breakdown | Year 7 CIE 物理：课程大纲全面解析
Welcome to your comprehensive guide to Year 7 CIE Physics. This stage builds the foundation for IGCSE and beyond, introducing core ideas through hands-on investigations and real‑world examples. The syllabus is drawn from the Cambridge Lower Secondary Science framework and covers forces, energy, waves, electricity, magnetism, matter, and Earth in space.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 CIE 物理全面指南。这个阶段为 IGCSE 以及后续学习打下基础，通过动手实验和现实例子引入核心概念。该课程大纲选自剑桥初中科学框架，涵盖力、能量、波、电学、磁学、物质以及太空中的地球。
1. Introduction to Year 7 CIE Physics | 课程概述
Year 7 Physics is not an exam‑only subject; it develops scientific thinking. Learners are expected to ask questions, design simple experiments, collect data, and draw conclusions. The curriculum is structured around five key content areas: Forces and motion, Energy, Waves, Electricity and magnetism, and Matter. An Earth and space strand also introduces basic astronomy.
Year 7 物理并不是一门只以考试为目的的学科，它培养的是科学思维。学生需要提出问题、设计简单实验、收集数据并得出结论。课程围绕五大内容领域展开：力与运动、能量、波、电与磁、以及物质。地球与太空部分则引入了基础天文学。
The syllabus is assessed through school‑based tests and Cambridge Progression Tests, which check knowledge, understanding, and practical enquiry skills. In this article we dissect each topic so you know exactly what to learn.
课程大纲通过校内测验和剑桥进阶测试进行评估，考查知识、理解以及实验探究技能。在本文中，我们将逐一剖析每个主题，让你清楚掌握学习内容。
2. Forces and Motion: Understanding Push and Pull | 力与运动：理解推与拉
A force is a push or a pull that can change an object's shape, speed, or direction. Forces are measured in newtons (N) using a forcemeter. Common types include gravitational force, friction, magnetic force, and elastic force. Forces always act in pairs – for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, though at this stage we simply note that forces come from interactions.
力是一种推或拉，能改变物体的形状、速度或方向。力的单位是牛顿（N），用测力计测量。常见类型有重力、摩擦力、磁力和弹力。力总是成对出现——每个作用力都有一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力，不过在这个阶段我们只需记住力来自相互作用。
Balanced forces keep an object stationary or moving at constant speed. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration. In Year 7 you will draw simple force diagrams and label arrows to show direction and magnitude.
平衡力使物体保持静止或匀速直线运动。非平衡力则导致加速或减速。在 Year 7 你要会画简单的受力图，并用箭头标注方向与大小。
- Gravity pulls objects toward the centre of the Earth. | 重力把物体拉向地心。
- Friction opposes motion and produces heat. | 摩擦力阻碍运动并产生热。
- Air resistance is a type of friction acting in air. | 空气阻力是空气中的一种摩擦力。
3. Describing Motion: Speed and Velocity | 描述运动：速率与速度
Speed tells you how fast something is moving. It is calculated using the formula:
速率表示物体运动的快慢。计算公式为：
average speed = distance ÷ time
平均速率 = 距离 ÷ 时间
Units are metres per second (m/s) or kilometres per hour (km/h). In Year 7 you need to know the difference between speed (a scalar) and velocity (a vector, which includes direction), but the focus is on speed calculations. You will also plot distance‑time graphs and interpret straight lines as constant speed and steeper slopes as higher speed.
单位是米每秒（m/s）或千米每小时（km/h）。在 Year 7，你需要知道速率（标量）与速度（矢量，包含方向）的区别，但重点是速率的计算。你还要会画距离‑时间图像，并解释直线代表匀速，斜率越陡表示速率越大。
A horizontal line on a distance‑time graph means the object is stationary. Curved lines indicate acceleration or deceleration. Always label axes and use correct units.
距离‑时间图像上的水平线段表示物体静止。曲线则表示加速或减速。始终要标注坐标轴并使用正确单位。
4. Energy Forms and Transfers | 能量的形式与转化
Energy is the ability to do work. It exists in different forms: kinetic (movement), thermal (heat), chemical, electrical, light, sound, and gravitational potential (stored in high objects). Energy is measured in joules (J). The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.
能量是做功的能力。它以不同形式存在：动能（运动）、热能（热）、化学能、电能、光能、声能和重力势能（储存在高处的物体中）。能量的单位是焦耳（J）。能量守恒定律指出，能量不能凭空产生或消灭，只能从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。
In Year 7 you will draw Sankey diagrams to visualise energy transfers. For example, a filament light bulb converts electrical energy into light (useful) and heat (wasted). The thickness of arrows represents the amount of energy.
在 Year 7 你要会画桑基图来展示能量转化。例如，白炽灯泡把电能转化为光能（有用）和热能（浪费）。箭头的粗细代表能量的多少。
Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro are compared with non‑renewable ones like coal and natural gas. You should discuss advantages and disadvantages.
你要比较太阳能、风能、水能等可再生能源与煤、天然气等不可再生能源，并讨论各自的优缺点。
5. Sound and Light Waves | 声波与光波
Sound is produced by vibrations and travels as a longitudinal wave. It requires a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate and cannot travel through a vacuum. The speed of sound in air is about 340 m/s. Pitch is related to frequency (measured in hertz, Hz), and loudness is related to amplitude.
声音由振动产生，以纵波形式传播。声音需要介质（固体、液体或气体）才能传播，不能在真空中传播。空气中声速约为 340 m/s。音调与频率（单位赫兹，Hz）有关，响度与振幅有关。
Light travels in straight lines as a transverse wave. It does not need a medium – ⁸ m/s. Reflection, refraction, and the formation of shadows are key topics. You will use ray boxes to investigate the law of reflection: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.
光以横波的形式沿直线传播。光不需要介质——它可以在真空中以 3×10⁸ m/s 的速度传播。反射、折射以及影子的形成是关键内容。你会用光线盒研究反射定律：入射角等于反射角。
The visible spectrum (colours of the rainbow) is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. White light can be dispersed by a prism into seven colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
可见光谱（彩虹的颜色）是电磁波谱的一小部分。白光通过棱镜可色散为七种颜色：红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫。
6. Electricity: Circuits and Components | 电学：电路与元件
Electric current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (potential difference) is the push that drives the current, measured in volts (V). Simple circuits require a complete conducting path: a cell or battery, wires, and a load such as a bulb.
电流是电荷的流动，单位是安培（A）。电压（电势差）是推动电流的“推力”，单位是伏特（V）。简单电路需要完整的导电回路：电池、导线和用电器（如灯泡）。
Series circuits have only one loop; if one component fails, the whole circuit breaks. Parallel circuits have multiple branches, and each branch operates independently. You will build circuits and measure current using an ammeter connected in series and voltage using a voltmeter in parallel.
串联电路只有一条回路；一个元件断开，整个电路就断开。并联电路有多条支路，每条支路独立工作。你要动手搭建电路，并用串联接入的电流表测量电流，用并联接入的电压表测量电压。
Conductors (metals, graphite) allow electricity to pass easily; insulators (plastic, wood) do not. Resistance is the opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Experiment with different lengths and thicknesses of wire to see the effect on resistance.
导体（金属、石墨）容易让电流通过；绝缘体（塑料、木材）则阻碍电流。电阻是对电流的阻碍，单位是欧姆（Ω）。你可以用不同长度和粗细的导线做实验，观察其对电阻的影响。
7. Magnetism and Electromagnetism Basics | 磁学与电磁学基础
Some materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, are magnetic. A magnet has two poles, north (N) and south (S). Like poles repel; unlike poles attract. Magnetic field lines show the direction of the magnetic force – they run from north to south outside the magnet.
某些材料（如铁、镍、钴）具有磁性。磁铁有两个磁极——北极（N）和南极（S）。同极相斥，异极相吸。磁感线表示磁力的方向——在磁铁外部它们从北极指向南极。
The Earth itself acts as a giant magnet, which is why a compass needle points north. The geographic North Pole is actually a magnetic south pole, attracting the north end of the needle.
地球本身就像一个巨大的磁铁，这就是指南针始终指北的原因。地理北极实际上是磁南极，吸引着指南针的北端。
An electromagnet is made by passing electric current through a coil of wire (solenoid), often wrapped around an iron core. Its strength can be increased by adding more coils, increasing the current, or using a larger iron core. Electromagnets are used in scrap‑yard cranes, doorbells, and relays.
电磁铁是通过让电流通过线圈（螺线管）制成的，线圈通常绕在铁芯上。增加线圈匝数、增大电流或使用更大的铁芯都能增强其磁性。电磁铁用于废料场吊车、门铃和继电器中。
8. States of Matter and the Particle Model | 物质的状态与粒子模型
All matter is made of tiny particles. In solids, particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern, they vibrate in fixed positions, giving solids a definite shape and volume. In liquids, particles are close together but can move past each other, so liquids take the shape of their container but have a fixed volume. In gases, particles are far apart and move randomly at high speed, so gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed.
一切物质都由微小的粒子组成。固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则结构，只能在固定位置振动，因此固体有确定的形状和体积。液体中，粒子相互靠近但能彼此滑过，所以液体具有固定的体积，形状则随容器而变。气体中，粒子彼此远离，高速随机运动，因此气体没有固定的形状和体积，且可以被压缩。
Changes of state include melting, freezing, boiling, evaporating, and condensing. These are physical changes – no new substances are made. The particle model explains density: solids are usually more dense than liquids, and liquids more dense than gases, because particles are packed more closely.
状态变化包括熔化、凝固、沸腾、蒸发和冷凝。这些都是物理变化——没有新物质生成。粒子模型可以解释密度：固体的密度通常大于液体，液体大于气体，这是因为粒子排列得更紧密。
9. Density and Pressure | 密度与压强
Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is calculated using the formula:
密度是物质单位体积的质量。计算公式为：
density = mass ÷ volume
密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积
Units are g/cm³ or kg/m³. Objects with a density less than water (1 g/cm³) float; objects denser than water sink. You will determine density by measuring mass on a balance and volume using a measuring cylinder or displacement method for irregular objects.
单位是 g/cm³ 或 kg/m³。密度小于水（1 g/cm³）的物体上浮，密度大于水的下沉。你会用天平测质量，用量筒或排水法测不规则物体的体积，从而计算密度。
Pressure is the force per unit area. In solids, pressure depends on both force and area – sharp objects exert higher pressure because area is small. In liquids and gases, pressure increases with depth and with temperature. Scuba divers experience greater pressure deeper underwater.
压强是单位面积上受到的压力。在固体中，压强取决于力和面积——尖锐的物体因为面积小，压强大。在液体和气体中，压强随深度增加而增大，也随温度升高而增大。潜水员越深入水下，受到的压强越大。
10. The Earth and Space: Phases and Seasons | 地球与太空：月相与季节
The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. It orbits the Sun once every 365.25 days, which defines a year. The tilt of Earth's axis (about 23.5°) leads to the four seasons as different parts of the planet receive varying amounts of sunlight during the year.
地球每 24 小时自转一周，产生了昼夜交替。它每 365.25 天绕太阳公转一周，这定义了一年的长度。地轴倾斜约 23.5°，使得一年中地球不同地区获得的日照量不同，从而形成了四季。
The Moon orbits Earth approximately every 28 days. We see different phases – new moon, crescent, first quarter, gibbous, full moon – because of the changing relative positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. Solar eclipses occur when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun; lunar eclipses happen when Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon.
月球大约每 28 天绕地球一圈。由于太阳、地球和月球相对位置的变化，我们看到不同的月相：新月、峨眉月、上弦月、凸月和满月。日食发生在月球运行到地球和太阳之间时；月食则发生在地球挡住射向月球的阳光时。
The Solar System is made up of the Sun, eight planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. Gravity keeps all these objects in orbit.
太阳系由太阳、八大行星、矮行星、卫星、小行星和彗星组成。引力使所有这些天体按轨道运行。
11. Practical Skills and Investigation | 实验技能与探究
In Year 7 physics you develop essential scientific skills. You learn to use equipment such as ammeters, voltmeters, ray boxes, forcemeters, and measuring cylinders safely and accurately. Recording observations in tables, plotting graphs, and identifying patterns are regular tasks.
在 Year 7 物理中，你将培养基本的科学技能。你将学会安全、准确地使用电流表、电压表、光线盒、测力计和量筒等仪器。在表格中记录观察数据、绘制图表并寻找规律是常见的任务。
A fair test is one where only one variable is changed (independent variable), one is measured (dependent variable), and all others are kept constant (control variables). You will plan your own investigations, write a method, and evaluate whether the experiment was reliable and precise.
公平实验是指只改变一个变量（自变量），测量另一个变量（因变量），而其他所有条件保持不变（控制变量）。你将自主设计探究方案，写出实验步骤，并评估实验是否可靠、精确。
Always start an experiment with a clear hypothesis – a prediction based on prior knowledge. After collecting data, calculate means and note any anomalous results that do not fit the pattern.
实验前必须先有明确的假设——基于已有知识的预测。收集数据后，计算平均值，并标出任何不符合规律的异常结果。
12. Conclusion and Study Tips | 总结与学习建议
Year 7 CIE Physics provides the building blocks for future science success. The syllabus not only covers content but also instils a scientific approach to problem solving. Regular review of lesson notes, practising past questions, and performing hands‑on experiments at home (with supervision) will strengthen your understanding.
Year 7 CIE 物理为未来的科学学习奠定了基石。课程大纲不仅涵盖知识内容，还培养了解决问题的科学方法。定期复习课堂笔记、练习往年试题、在家（在监督下）动手做实验，都能加深你的理解。
→ electricity. Use flashcards for key definitions and formulas. Explain ideas to a friend – if you can teach it, you truly know it.
制作思维导图把概念联系起来：例如，将力→运动→能量→电学串联起来。用记忆卡片记住关键定义和公式。向朋友解释某个概念——如果你能教会别人，说明你真正掌握了。
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