📚 Year 7 OCR Engineering: Key Terms and Vocabulary Guide | 工程词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of engineering is just as important as learning the practical skills. This guide introduces essential terms you will meet in your Year 7 OCR Engineering course, with simple definitions and memory tips to help you build confidence in every lesson.
掌握工程语言与学习实践技能同样重要。本指南介绍了你在七年级 OCR 工程课程中会遇到的关键术语，每个术语都有简单定义和记忆技巧，帮助你在每一堂课上都充满信心。
1. What is Engineering? | 什么是工程？
Engineering is the process of using scientific and mathematical knowledge to design, build, and improve structures, machines, systems, and processes.
工程是利用科学和数学知识来设计、建造和改进结构、机器、系统和流程的过程。
The term ‘engineer’ comes from the Latin word ingenium, meaning cleverness or invention. Engineers turn ideas into reality.
“工程师”一词源自拉丁语 ingenium，意为巧妙或发明。工程师把想法变成现实。
A prototype is an early model of a product used to test ideas before final manufacture. Think of it as a 'first draft' for engineers.
原型是在最终制造之前用来测试想法的早期产品模型，可以把它看作工程师的“初稿”。
2. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其特性
Materials are the substances from which products are made. Common engineering materials include metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, and timber.
材料是制造产品所用的物质。常见的工程材料包括金属、聚合物、陶瓷、复合材料和木材。
A material's properties describe how it behaves. Key properties include strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, and conductivity.
材料的特性描述其表现方式。关键特性包括强度、硬度、韧性、延展性和导电性。
Ductility means a material can be stretched into a wire without breaking. Copper is highly ductile, which is why it is used in electrical cables.
延展性指材料可以被拉成细丝而不断裂。铜的延展性很好，因此被用于电缆中。
Hardness is a material's resistance to scratching or indentation. Diamond is extremely hard, while chalk is soft.
硬度是材料抵抗刮擦或压痕的能力。钻石极硬，而粉笔则很软。
3. Tools and Equipment | 工具与设备
A saw is a toothed tool used for cutting materials. The most common in the Year 7 workshop is the tenon saw, used for straight cuts in wood.
锯是一种带锯齿的工具，用于切割材料。七年级工作坊中最常用的是直角锯，用于在木头上进行直线切割。
Files are abrasion tools that remove small amounts of material to smooth edges or shape surfaces. They are classified by their cut: rough, second cut, and smooth.
锉刀是磨削工具，可去除少量材料以磨平边缘或修整表面。按齿纹分为粗齿、中细齿和细齿。
A try square is used to mark and check 90° angles. It is essential for ensuring parts are perpendicular.
直角尺用于标记和检查 90° 角，对于确保零件垂直至关重要。
Pliers are gripping and bending tools. Engineers often use combination pliers, which can grip flat or round objects and also cut wire.
钳子用于夹持和弯折。工程师常用钢丝钳，它可夹持扁平或圆形物体，也能剪断金属丝。
4. Measurement and Marking Out | 测量与划线
Accurate measurement is a core skill in engineering. A steel rule gives precise measurements in millimetres (mm) and centimetres (cm).
精确测量是工程中的核心技能。钢直尺能够提供以毫米 (mm) 和厘米 (cm) 为单位的精确测量。
Marking out means transferring design dimensions onto a workpiece before cutting or shaping. A scriber is a sharp tool used to scratch fine lines onto metal.
划线是指在切割或成形之前将设计尺寸转移到工件上。划线针是一种尖锐工具，用来在金属上划出细线。
An engineer’s caliper measures internal and external dimensions. Digital calipers display readings instantly and reduce human error.
工程师用的卡尺可以测量内外径尺寸。数显卡尺能即时显示读数，减少人为误差。
Always mark a datum point – a fixed reference from which all measurements are taken – to ensure consistency.
始终标记一个基准点——所有测量都从这一固定参照点开始——以确保一致性。
5. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or a pull acting upon an object. It is measured in newtons (N). Forces can make objects move, stop, or change shape.
力是作用在物体上的推力或拉力，以牛顿 (N) 为单位。力能使物体移动、停止或改变形状。
Tension is a stretching force; compression is a squashing force. When you pull a rubber band, you apply tension; when you sit on a chair, you create compression.
拉伸力是拉伸之力，压缩力是挤压之力。拉橡皮筋时施加的是拉伸力，坐在椅子上时产生的是压缩力。
Friction opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. Engineers design lubricants to reduce unwanted friction in machines.
摩擦力阻碍两个接触面之间的运动。工程师设计润滑剂来减少机器中不必要的摩擦。
Motion can be linear (straight line), rotary (turning), reciprocating (back and forth), or oscillating (swinging). A piston in a steam engine moves with reciprocating motion.
运动可以是直线运动、旋转运动、往复运动或摆动。蒸汽机中的活塞做往复运动。
6. Structures and Mechanisms | 结构与机构
A structure is designed to support loads. Beams, columns, and trusses are structural elements used to make bridges and frameworks strong.
结构用于承受载荷。梁、柱和桁架是结构构件，用于使桥梁和框架更坚固。
A mechanism changes one type of motion into another. Gears, levers, and linkages are examples of simple mechanisms.
机构可将一种运动转换为另一种运动。齿轮、杠杆和连杆就是简单机构的例子。
A lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum. Levers provide mechanical advantage, making tasks easier by reducing the effort needed.
杠杆是一根绕固定点（支点）转动的刚性杆。杠杆提供机械效益，通过减小所需作用力让任务更轻松。
Gears transmit rotary motion and force. A small gear driving a larger gear increases torque but reduces speed – a principle called gearing down.
齿轮传递旋转运动和力。小齿轮带动大齿轮会增大扭矩但降低转速——这一原理称为减速。
7. Design Process and Evaluation | 设计流程与评估
The design process follows a cycle: research, define the problem, generate ideas, develop a solution, prototype, test, and evaluate.
设计流程遵循一个循环：调研、定义问题、产生想法、开发方案、制作原型、测试和评估。
A design brief is the starting document that outlines what the client needs. It must clearly state the purpose, target user, and key requirements.
设计简报是概述客户需求的初始文件，必须清晰说明目的、目标用户和关键要求。
A specification lists measurable criteria your final product must meet, such as dimensions, weight, materials, safety standards, and cost.
规格列出最终产品必须达到的可衡量标准，例如尺寸、重量、材料、安全标准和成本。
Evaluation involves judging your product against the specification and identifying improvements. Always ask: ‘Does it work as intended?’ and ‘How can I make it better?’
评估包括对照规格评判你的产品并找出改进之处。始终问自己：“它按预期工作了吗？”以及“我如何能做得更好？”。
8. Health and Safety | 健康与安全
Health and safety is non‑negotiable in any workshop. A risk assessment identifies hazards and how to control them before work begins.
在任何工作坊中，健康与安全都不可妥协。风险评估在工作开始前识别危害及控制方法。
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes safety goggles, aprons, steel‑toe boots, and dust masks. Always wear the correct PPE for the task.
个人防护装备 (PPE) 包括护目镜、围裙、防护鞋和防尘口罩。务必为当前任务穿戴正确的 PPE。
Keep your workspace tidy – spillages, offcuts, and tangled cables are common causes of accidents. Good housekeeping is a safety rule.
保持工作区域整洁——溢出物、边角料和缠绕的电缆是事故的常见原因。良好的内务整理是一条安全规则。
Never operate a machine unless you have been fully trained. A machine guard must always be in place to prevent contact with moving parts.
未经充分培训，绝不可操作机器。机器的防护罩必须始终就位，以防止接触运动部件。
9. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Cutting processes remove material to create the desired shape. Sawing, drilling, and filing are common subtractive methods in school workshops.
切割工艺去除材料以形成所需形状。锯、钻、锉是学校工作坊中常见的减材方法。
Forming processes reshape material without removing it. Bending a strip of acrylic with a line bender is an example of a forming process.
成形工艺在不移除材料的情况下重塑材料。用热弯器弯折亚克力条就是成形工艺的一个例子。
Joining methods include permanent techniques like welding and adhesives, and non‑permanent ones like nuts, bolts, and screws.
连接方法包括永久性技术如焊接和胶粘，以及非永久性方法如螺母、螺栓和螺钉。
Finishing improves the look and durability of a product. Sanding, painting, and polishing are common finishing techniques.
表面处理改善了产品的外观和耐用性。砂磨、喷漆和抛光都是常见的表面处理技术。
10. Electronics Basics | 电子基础
Voltage (V) is the electrical pressure that pushes current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and often compared to water pressure in a pipe.
电压 (V) 是推动电流流经电路的电气压力，以伏特 (V) 为单位，常被比作水管中的水压。
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A) or amps. Components in series share the same current.
电流 (I) 是电荷的流动，以安培 (A) 为单位。串联电路中的元器件具有相同的电流。
Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current and is measured in ohms (Ω). A resistor component deliberately adds resistance to control current.
电阻 (R) 阻碍电流流动，以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位。电阻器这种元器件有意增加电阻来控制电流。
Ohm' ks these three: V = I × R. If you know any two values, you can always calculate the third.
欧姆定律将这三者联系起来：V = I × R。只要知道其中两个值，就总能计算出第三个。
11. Energy and Power | 能源与动力
Energy makes things happen and is measured in joules (J). In engineering, we often talk about kinetic, potential, thermal, and electrical energy.
能量使事物发生，以焦耳 (J) 为单位。在工程中，我们常讨论动能、势能、热能和电能。
Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done, measured in watts (W). One watt is equal to one joule per second.
功率是能量转换或做功的速率，以瓦特 (W) 为单位。1 瓦特等于每秒 1 焦耳。
Renewable energy comes from sources that naturally replenish, like sunlight and wind. Non‑renewable sources, such as coal, take millions of years to form.
可再生能源来自自然补充的来源，如阳光和风。不可再生能源，如煤，则需要数百万年形成。
Efficiency compares useful output energy or power to total input. No machine is 100% efficient because some energy is always lost, usually as heat.
效率将有用输出的能量或功率与总输入进行比较。没有机器是 100% 高效的，因为总有一些能量损失，通常以热的形式散失。
12. Communicating Design Ideas | 传达设计想法
Engineers use technical drawing to communicate shape, size, and detail accurately. Orthographic projection shows the front, side, and plan views of a 3D object.
工程师使用技术制图来准确传达形状、尺寸和细节。正投影图显示三维物体的前视图、侧视图和俯视图。
Isometric drawing is a 3D sketch method where vertical lines stay vertical and horizontal lines are drawn at 30° angles. It helps visualise the object in one view.
等轴测图是一种三维草图方法，竖直线保持竖直，水平线以 30° 角绘制，有助于在一个视图中呈现物体。
CAD stands for Computer‑Aided Design. Software allows engineers to create precise 2D and 3D models, which can then be tested and modified easily.
CAD 代表计算机辅助设计。该软件让工程师能够创建精确的二维和三维模型，并可以方便地进行测试和修改。
Annotations and notes on drawings clarify materials, dimensions, and finishes. They must be neat and placed so they do not clutter the view.
图样上的注释和说明明确材料、尺寸和表面处理，必须整洁且放置在不影响视图的位置。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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