📚 Musical Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering musical terminology is essential for performing, composing, and listening with confidence. This quick reference guide covers the key words Year 7 OCR Music students need to memorise – from pitch notation to Italian terms – with clear explanations and Chinese translations.
掌握音乐术语是自信地演奏、作曲和聆听的基础。这份速记指南涵盖了 Year 7 OCR 音乐学生需要牢记的关键词汇——从音高记谱到意大利术语——配以清晰的解释和中文翻译。
1. Pitch & Stave | 音高与五线谱
Pitch describes how high or low a note sounds. In written music, pitches are placed on a stave (or staff), which consists of five horizontal lines and four spaces.
音高描述音符听起来的高低。在记谱法中，音高被放置在五线谱（stave 或 staff）上，五线谱由五条水平线和四个间组成。
The treble clef (𝄞) is used for higher-pitched instruments and voices, while the bass clef (𝄢) is used for lower-pitched ones. The treble clef wraps around the second line, fixing it as G, and the bass clef marks the fourth line as F.
高音谱号 (𝄞) 用于音高较高的乐器和声部，而低音谱号 (𝄢) 用于音高较低的。高音谱号围绕第二线，将该线定为 G；低音谱号将第四线定为 F。
Notes that fall above or below the stave are written on short extra lines called ledger lines. Middle C sits on a ledger line between the treble and bass staves.
落在五线谱上方或下方的音符写在小段的加线（ledger lines）上。中央 C 位于高音谱号与低音谱号之间的加线上。
The musical alphabet uses the letters A to G, which repeat across the stave. Sharps (♯) raise a note by a semitone, flats (♭) lower it by a semitone, and naturals (♮) cancel earlier accidentals.
音乐字母表使用 A 到 G 的字母，在五线谱上循环。升号 (♯) 将音符升高一个半音，降号 (♭) 将音符降低一个半音，还原记号 (♮) 取消之前的临时记号。
2. Rhythm & Note Values | 节奏与音符时值
The pulse is the steady, underlying heartbeat of the music. The beat is the basic unit of time, and rhythm is the pattern of long and short sounds arranged against the beat.
脉搏 (pulse) 是音乐中稳定、基础的心跳。节拍 (beat) 是基本时间单位，节奏 (rhythm) 是基于节拍排列的长短声音模式。
In common time (4/4), a semibreve lasts four beats, a minim lasts two beats, a crotchet lasts one beat, and a quaver lasts half a beat. A semiquaver lasts a quarter of a beat.
在常见拍号 4/4 中，全音符持续四拍，二分音符持续两拍，四分音符持续一拍，八分音符持续半拍。十六分音符持续四分之一拍。
Each note value has an equivalent rest: semibreve rest, minim rest, crotchet rest, quaver rest and semiquaver rest. A dot placed after a note increases its length by half of its original value.
每种音符时值都有对应的休止符：全休止符、二分休止符、四分休止符、八分休止符和十六分休止符。附点放在音符后会将时值延长原时长的一半。
A time signature appears at the start of a piece. The top number shows how many beats are in each bar, and the bottom number shows the type of note that gets one beat. Common time signatures include 2/4, 3/4 and 4/4.
拍号出现在乐曲开始处。上方数字表示每小节有多少拍，下方数字表示以何种音符为一拍。常见拍号包括 2/4、3/4 和 4/4。
Ties join two notes of the same pitch so they are played as one longer note, while slurs group different notes to be played smoothly.
延音线 (tie) 连接两个相同音高的音符，使其作为一个更长的音符演奏；圆滑线 (slur) 则将不同音高的音符连在一起，以便连贯地演奏。
3. Tempo Terms | 速度术语
Tempo marks tell the performer how fast or slow the music should be played. The most common Italian tempo terms are: Largo (very slow and broad), Adagio (slow and stately), Andante (at a walking pace), Moderato (moderate speed), Allegro (fast and cheerful), Vivace (lively and fast) and Presto (very fast).
速度标记告诉演奏者音乐应该多快或多慢。最常见的意大利语速度术语有：Largo（宽广的慢板）、Adagio（从容的慢板）、Andante（行板，步行速度）、Moderato（中板）、Allegro（快板，欢快的快）、Vivace（活泼的快板）以及 Presto（急板，非常快）。
Gradual tempo changes include accelerando (gradually getting faster) and ritardando or rallentando (gradually getting slower). The marking a tempo tells you to return to the original speed.
渐快的速度变化用 accelerando（渐快）表示，渐慢则用 ritardando 或 rallentando（渐慢）。a tempo 标记指示回到原速。
The tempo may be indicated by a metronome marking, such as ♩= 120, meaning 120 crotchet beats per minute.
速度有时用节拍器标记表示，例如 ♩= 120，表示每分钟 120 个四分音符拍子。
4. Dynamics | 力度记号
Dynamics describe the volume of the music. The basic dynamic markings range from very soft to very loud: pianissimo (pp) – very soft, piano (p) – soft, mezzo-piano (mp) – moderately soft, mezzo-forte (mf) – moderately loud, forte (f) – loud, and fortissimo (ff) – very loud.
力度描述音乐的音量大小。基本力度标记从极弱到极强：pianissimo (pp) 极弱，piano (p) 弱，mezzo-piano (mp) 中弱，mezzo-forte (mf) 中强，forte (f) 强，fortissimo (ff) 极强。
Gradual changes of volume are shown by a crescendo (getting louder, often written as <) and a diminuendo or decrescendo (getting softer, written as >).
音量的渐变由 crescendo（渐强，常写作 <）和 diminuendo 或 decrescendo（渐弱，写作 >）表示。
Sforzando (sfz) means a sudden, strong accent on a single note or chord. Subito piano (sub. p) means suddenly soft.
Sforzando (sfz) 表示对单个音符或和弦的突然强音。Subito piano (sub. p) 表示突然变弱。
5. Articulation & Phrasing | 演奏法与乐句
Articulation tells you how to play each note. Legato means smoothly connected notes, often indicated by a slur. Staccato means short and detached, shown by a dot above or below the note head.
演奏法告诉你如何演奏每个音符。Legato（连奏）表示平滑连贯的音符，通常用圆滑线表示。Staccato（断奏）表示短促而分离的音符，用音符上下的圆点标记。
with a slight emphasis. An accent (> or ^) tells you to attack the note with extra force.
Tenuto（保持音，通常用短横线标记）表示音符应该充分保持时值并略微强调。重音记号 (> 或 ^) 要求你用额外的力量演奏那个音符。
A phrase mark looks like a long slur and shows a musical sentence. Phrasing helps musicians shape a melody in a natural, expressive way, much like speaking.
乐句连线 (phrase mark) 看起来像一条长的圆滑线，表示一个音乐句子。乐句划分帮助音乐家以自然、富有表现力的方式处理旋律，就像说话一样。
Pizzicato (pizz.) for string instruments means plucking the strings instead of using the bow. Arco means to return to bowing.
弦乐器的 Pizzicato (pizz.) 表示用手指拨弦，而不用琴弓拉奏。Arco 意味着恢复用弓演奏。
6. Instruments & Timbre | 乐器与音色
Timbre (pronounced 'tam-bər') is the unique quality of a sound that helps us tell instruments and voices apart. The orchestra is divided into four main families: strings, woodwind, brass and percussion.
音色 (timbre) 是声音的独特品质，让我们能区分不同的乐器和人声。管弦乐队分为四个主要家族：弦乐、木管、铜管和打击乐。
String instruments include the violin, viola, cello and double bass. They can be played with a bow (arco) or plucked (pizzicato). The harp is also a member of the string family.
弦乐器包括小提琴、中提琴、大提琴和低音提琴。它们可以用弓 (arco) 拉奏，也可以拨弦 (pizzicato)。竖琴也属于弦乐家族。
Woodwind instruments produce sound by blowing, often with a reed. The main woodwinds are flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and, sometimes, saxophone. The piccolo is a smaller, higher flute.
木管乐器通过吹气发声，常使用簧片。主要木管乐器有长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管，有时也包括萨克斯管。短笛是一种更小、音域更高的长笛。
Brass instruments include the trumpet, French horn, trombone and tuba. Players buzz their lips into a mouthpiece to create sound. The trombone uses a slide while the others use valves.
铜管乐器包括小号、圆号、长号和大号。演奏者将嘴唇振动吹入号嘴来发声。长号使用滑管，其他铜管乐器则使用阀键。
Percussion is divided into tuned percussion (xylophone, glockenspiel, timpani) that can play definite pitches, and untuned percussion (snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle) that produce unpitched sounds.
打击乐分为能演奏确定音高的有调打击乐（木琴、钟琴、定音鼓）和发出无确定音高声音的无调打击乐（小军鼓、大军鼓、钹、三角铁）。
Vocal ranges are classified from high to low: soprano, alto, tenor and bass. Children's choirs often sing soprano and alto parts.
人声从高到低分为：女高音 (soprano)、女低音 (alto)、男高音 (tenor) 和男低音 (bass)。童声合唱团通常演唱女高音和女低音声部。
7. Texture | 织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate. A monophonic texture has a single melodic line with no accompaniment.
织体描述同时听到多少声音层次以及它们如何关联。单声部织体 (monophonic) 只有一条旋律线，没有伴奏。
Homophonic texture means a melody is supported by chordal accompaniment, which is very common in songs and hymns. All the parts move in the same rhythm.
主调织体 (homophonic) 指旋律由和弦伴奏支撑，这在歌曲和赞美诗中非常常见。所有声部以相同的节奏进行。
Polyphonic texture features two or more independent melodic lines woven together, such as in a round or a fugue. The melodies overlap and create a rich, interweaving sound.
复调织体 (polyphonic) 具有两条或更多独立的旋律线交织在一起，例如轮唱或赋格。旋律相互叠加，创造出丰富交织的音响。
Unison means everyone plays or sings the same notes at the same pitch. When a melody is played in octaves, the same notes are sounded simultaneously at a higher or lower octave.
齐奏/齐唱 (unison) 意味着每个人在同一音高上演奏或歌唱相同的音符。当旋律用八度演奏时，相同的音符同时在更高或更低的八度上发声。
Melody and accompaniment is a common texture where a clear melody stands out against a softer accompaniment of chords or broken patterns.
旋律与伴奏是一种常见织体，清晰的旋律在由和弦或分解音型组成的较轻柔的伴奏衬托下显得突出。
8. Structure & Form | 曲式结构
Structure refers to how a piece of music is organised. Binary form (AB) has two contrasting sections, each often repeated. Ternary form (ABA) has a first section, a contrasting middle section, and a return of the first section.
结构指音乐作品的组成方式。二部曲式 (AB) 有两个对比段落，每段常重复。三部曲式 (ABA) 包含第一段、对比中段和第一段的再现。
Rondo form has a recurring main theme (A) that alternates with contrasting episodes: ABACA is a typical pattern. Theme and variations takes a main melody and changes it in different ways throughout the piece.
回旋曲式有一个反复出现的主部主题 (A)，与对比插部交替出现，典型模式为 ABACA。主题与变奏采用一个主题旋律，并在全曲中以不同方式加以变化。
In popular music, common structural elements include an intro, verse, chorus, bridge and outro. The chorus usually contains the 'hook' and is repeated, while verses tell the story.
在流行音乐中，常见的结构元素包括前奏、主歌、副歌、桥段和尾奏。副歌通常包含“记忆点”并被反复演唱，而主歌则叙述故事。
Repeat signs (two dots placed at the end of a section) tell you to play a passage again. First and second time bars provide different endings for repeated sections.
反复记号（段落末尾的两个圆点）指示你将一个段落再演奏一遍。一房子和二房子为重复的段落提供不同的结尾。
9. Melody & Harmony | 旋律与和声
A melody that moves by step is called conjunct; one that moves by leaps is disjunct. A phrase is a short musical sentence, often four or eight bars long, finishing with a cadence.
以级进方式进行的旋律叫做级进旋律 (conjunct)；以跳进方式进行的叫跳进旋律 (disjunct)。乐句是简短的音乐句子，通常长度四或八小节，以终止式结束。
Call and response is a musical conversation where one phrase (the call) is answered by a second phrase (the response). A sequence repeats a melodic pattern at a higher or lower pitch.
呼应是一种音乐对话，其中一个乐句（呼）被第二个乐句（应）所回答。模进 (sequence) 是在更高或更低的音高上重复一个旋律模式。
An ostinato is a short, repeating pattern – it can be melodic, rhythmic or chordal. A riff is a catchy, repeated phrase used in pop, rock and jazz.
固定音型 (ostinato) 是短小重复的模式——可以是旋律型、节奏型或和弦型。Riff（连复段）是流行、摇滚和爵士乐中朗朗上口的重复乐句。
Harmony is the sound created when two or more notes are played together. A triad is a three-note chord built in thirds; triads can be major (happy sounding) or minor (sad sounding).
和声是两个或多个音符同时发声所产生的声音。三和弦是由三度叠置的三个音构成的和弦；三和弦可以是大三和弦（听起来快乐）或小三和弦（听起来悲伤）。
Consonant harmony sounds stable and pleasant, while dissonant harmony creates tension that often resolves to a consonance. Cadences are musical punctuation that close phrases.
协和和声听起来稳定悦耳，而不协和和声制造紧张感，通常会解决到协和和弦。终止式是结束乐句的“音乐标点”。
10. Tonality & Scales | 调性与音阶
Tonality describes the key of a piece. Music in a major key often sounds bright and happy; music in a minor key usually sounds sadder or more serious.
调性描述乐曲的调。大调音乐通常听来明亮欢快；小调音乐一般更忧伤或更严肃。
A major scale follows the pattern of whole tones and semitones: tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone (T T S T T T S). C major uses all the white notes on a keyboard.
大调音阶遵循全音与半音的模式：全全半全全全半 (T T S T T T S)。C 大调使用键盘上所有的白键。
A pentatonic scale has only five notes per octave, common in folk music from many cultures. A chromatic scale moves entirely in semitones, using all 12 available pitches.
五声音阶每八度只有五个音，在许多文化的民间音乐中很常见。半音阶完全以半音进行，使用了全部 12 个可用音高。
Key signatures appear at the beginning of a stave and tell you which notes are consistently sharp or flat. For example, G major has one sharp (F♯) and F major has one flat (B♭).
调号出现在五线谱的开头，告诉你哪些音符持续升或降。例如，G 大调有一个升号 (F♯)，F 大调有一个降号 (B♭)。
Accidentals placed in front of individual notes apply only within the same bar, unless cancelled or tied across a bar line.
加在个别音符前的临时记号仅在同一小节内有效，除非被取消或通过延音线跨小节延续。
11. Essential Italian Terms
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 音乐 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图