📚 Year 7 OCR Art: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 OCR 艺术：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick reference guide for the key formulas, theorems and proportional rules used in Year 7 OCR Art. Think of this as your artist's cheat sheet — a place to quickly look up how colours mix, how perspective works, how faces and bodies are measured, and how composition can make your artwork more powerful. Mastering these fundamentals will give you the confidence to draw, paint and design with accuracy and creativity.
欢迎来到七年级 OCR 艺术必备公式、定理和比例规则速查手册。把这里当作你的艺术家速查表——你可以快速查阅颜色如何混合、透视如何运作、面部和身体如何测量，以及构图如何让你的作品更具感染力。掌握这些基础内容，你将拥有精准绘画、创作和设计的信心与创造力。
1. Primary Colour Mixing Formulas | 原色混合公式
The three primary colours — red, yellow and blue — are the building blocks of all other colours. They cannot be created by mixing other colours.
三原色——红色、黄色和蓝色——是所有其他颜色的根基。它们无法通过混合其他颜色得到。
Red + Yellow = Orange
红色 + 黄色 = 橙色
Yellow + Blue = Green
黄色 + 蓝色 = 绿色
Blue + Red = Violet (Purple)
蓝色 + 红色 = 紫色（紫罗兰色）
These mixtures produce secondary colours. The exact shade depends on the ratio of each primary you use — more red gives a red-orange; more yellow gives a yellow-green.
这些混合产生间色（二次色）。确切的色调取决于每种原色的比例——红色多就得到红橙色；黄色多就得到黄绿色。
2. Complementary Colour Theorem | 互补色定理
Complementary colours sit opposite each other on the colour wheel. When placed side by side, they create maximum contrast and make each other appear brighter.
互补色在色轮上彼此相对。当它们并置时，会产生最强的对比，并使彼此显得更鲜艳。
- Red ↔ Green | 红色 ↔ 绿色
- Yellow ↔ Violet | 黄色 ↔ 紫色
- Blue ↔ Orange | 蓝色 ↔ 橙色
When mixed together in equal amounts, complementary colours neutralise each other, producing browns, greys or black. This is called chromatic neutralisation.
当互补色等量混合时，它们会互相中和，产生棕色、灰色或黑色。这被称为色彩中和。
Red + Green → Brown/Black
红色 + 绿色 → 棕色/黑色
3. Hue, Value and Saturation Formulas | 色相、明度与饱和度公式
Hue is the pure spectrum colour (red, yellow, green, etc.). Value is the lightness or darkness of a colour. Saturation (or intensity) is the purity of the colour.
色相是纯光谱色（红、黄、绿等）。明度是颜色的明暗程度。饱和度（或彩度）是颜色的纯净度。
Tint = Hue + White
浅色调 = 色相 + 白色
Shade = Hue + Black
深色调 = 色相 + 黑色
Tone = Hue + Grey (or Hue + Complementary)
中间调 = 色相 + 灰色（或色相 + 互补色）
Adding a colour's complementary reduces its saturation, creating a more muted, natural tone — often used in landscape painting.
加入互补色会降低饱和度，创造出更柔和、自然的色调——常用于风景画中。
4. One-Point Perspective Rules | 一点透视法则
One-point perspective uses a single vanishing point on the horizon line. All lines that go into the distance (depth lines) converge at this point.
一点透视使用地平线上的一个消失点。所有向远方延伸的线条（深度线）都会汇聚于这一点。
Horizon Line = Eye Level
地平线 = 视平线
Vanishing Point (VP) → All orthogonal lines converge here
消失点 (VP) → 所有正交线汇聚于此
Vertical lines remain vertical. Horizontal lines remain horizontal. Only lines representing depth change direction. This is ideal for drawing roads, railway tracks, hallways or any scene viewed from the front.
垂直线保持垂直。水平线保持水平。只有代表深度的线条改变方向。这非常适合画道路、铁轨、走廊或任何正面视角的场景。
5. Two-Point Perspective Rules | 两点透视法则
Two-point perspective uses two vanishing points, both on the horizon line. This system is perfect for drawing objects seen at an angle, such as the corner of a building.
两点透视使用两个消失点，都位于地平线上。这个系统非常适合画从某个角度看到的物体，例如建筑物的转角。
Left VP ← → Right VP, both on Horizon Line
左消失点 ← → 右消失点，均在地平线上
Vertical edges stay vertical. All other edges converge toward either the left or right vanishing point. The closer an object is to the viewer, the more extreme the convergence appears.
垂直边缘保持垂直。所有其他边缘分别汇聚于左消失点或右消失点。物体越靠近观看者，汇聚效果越明显。
6. Facial Proportions Theorem | 人脸比例定理
The human face can be mapped using simple fractional divisions. When drawing a front-view portrait, these guide divisions help position features accurately.
人脸可以用简单的分段比例来定位。画正视图肖像时，这些指导性分割有助于准确放置五官。
- Eyes are halfway down the head. | 眼睛位于头部的中线。
- Head width = 5 eye-widths. There is one eye-width between the two eyes. | 头宽 = 5 个眼宽。两眼之间相距一个眼宽。
- Bottom of nose is halfway between eye line and chin. | 鼻底位于眼线与下巴之间的中点。
- Mouth line is halfway between nose and chin. | 嘴唇线位于鼻子与下巴之间的中点。
- Ears line up from eyebrow to bottom of nose. | 耳朵的上下位置对齐眉线到鼻底。
These proportions create a balanced, realistic face. Individual variations exist, but this formula is the foundation for portrait drawing.
这些比例创造出一张均衡、逼真的脸。个体差异存在，但此公式是肖像画的基础。
7. Human Figure Proportions (8-Head Canon) | 人体比例法则（八头身标准）
In figure drawing, an average adult human body is often measured in 'head lengths'. The classical ideal uses 8 heads as the total height.
在人物画中，一个普通成年人的身体通常用“头长”来度量。古典理想比例使用 8 个头长作为总身高。
- 1 head: Top of skull to chin | 颅顶至下巴
- 2 heads: Chin to armpits/nipples | 下巴至腋窝/乳头连线
- 3 heads: Nipples to navel | 乳头至肚脐
- 4 heads: Navel to crotch (pubic bone) | 肚脐至胯部（耻骨）
- 5 heads: Crotch to mid-thigh | 胯部至大腿中部
- 6 heads: Mid-thigh to bottom of knee | 大腿中部至膝盖下缘
- 7 heads: Knee to mid-shin | 膝盖至小腿中部
- 8 heads: Mid-shin to heel | 小腿中部至脚跟
The arms, when hanging down, reach to roughly mid-thigh (just above head 5). Elbows align with the navel. This canon helps maintain correct proportions in life drawing.
手臂自然下垂时，指尖大约到达大腿中部（刚超过第 5 个头长）。肘部与肚脐平齐。这个标准有助于在写生中保持正确的比例。
8. Rule of Thirds for Composition | 构图三分法则
The rule of thirds is a compositional guideline that divides an image into nine equal parts using two equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced vertical lines. Placing key elements along these lines or at their intersections creates a more dynamic and interesting composition.
三分法则是构图的指导原则，以两条等距水平线和两条等距垂直线将画面划分为九个等份。将关键元素放置在这些线条上或它们的交叉点上，可以创造出更有活力和趣味性的构图。
Focal point ≈ Intersection of 1/3 lines
焦点 ≈ 1/3 线交叉点
Instead of centring the subject, place it near one of the four power points. Horizons look best placed on the upper or lower third line, not cutting the image exactly in half.
不要将主体居中，而是将其放置在四个能量点之一附近。地平线最好放置在上三分之一或下三分之一线上，而不是正好将画面一分为二。
9. Golden Ratio in Art | 艺术中的黄金比例
The golden ratio (approximately 1.618 : 1, represented by the Greek letter φ phi) is a mathematical proportion frequently found in nature and classical art. It can be used to create aesthetically pleasing divisions in composition.
黄金比例（约 1.618 : 1，以希腊字母 φ 表示）是一种在自然界和古典艺术中常见数学比例。它可用于在构图中创建美观的分割。
Golden Section: a+b is to a as a is to b
黄金分割: a+b 与 a 之比 等于 a 与 b 之比
The golden spiral, built from golden rectangles, guides the viewer's eye through the composition. Many famous artworks and buildings, such as the Parthenon and Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, have proportions based on this ratio.
由黄金矩形构建的黄金螺旋引导观众的视线穿过构图。许多著名的艺术品和建筑，如帕特农神庙和达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》，都采用了基于这一比例的比例关系。
10. Shadow and Cast Shadow Formulas | 阴影与投影公式
A shadow on the object itself (form shadow) and the shadow thrown onto a surface (cast shadow) follow predictable rules based on light direction.
物体自身的阴影（形体阴影）和投射到表面上的阴影（投影）遵循基于光源方向的可预测规则。
Core Shadow = darkest part on the object, opposite light source
明暗交界线 = 物体上最暗的部分，与光源相对
Cast Shadow direction = Opposite to light source, following the contour of the surface
投影方向 = 与光源相反，顺应表面轮廓
The length of a cast shadow is determined by the angle of the light: low light (sunrise/sunset) creates long shadows; high light (midday) creates short shadows. In drawing, first draw a line from the light source through the top of the object to the ground to find the shadow's endpoint.
投影的长度由光线角度决定：低角度光（日出/日落）产生长阴影；高角度光（正午）产生短阴影。在绘画中，先从光源经过物体顶部画一条线到地面，以找到阴影的端点。
11. Colour Emotion Equations | 色彩情感方程式
Colours carry psychological associations that artists use to communicate mood. While personal and cultural differences exist, some equations are widely taught.
颜色带有心理学联想，艺术家用以传达情绪。虽然存在个人和文化差异，但有一些公式被广泛教授。
- Red = Excitement, Danger, Passion | 红色 = 兴奋、危险、热情
- Blue = Calm, Trust, Sadness | 蓝色 = 平静、信任、悲伤
- Yellow = Happiness, Energy, Caution | 黄色 = 快乐、能量、谨慎
- Green = Nature, Growth, Safety | 绿色 = 自然、成长、安全
- Warm colours (Red, Orange, Yellow) → Advance, create intimacy | 暖色（红、橙、黄）→ 前进感，创造亲切感
- Cool colours (Blue, Green, Violet) → Recede, create space | 冷色（蓝、绿、紫）→ 后退感，创造空间感
Using a monochromatic (single-hue) palette creates unity and harmony, while a complementary palette creates tension and vibrancy.
使用单色（单一色相）调色板创造统一与和谐；而互补色调色板则创造张力与活力。
12. Texture and Pattern Repetition Formulas | 肌理与图案重复公式
Texture in art refers to the surface quality of an object — how it looks like it would feel. Pattern is the repetition of a design motif. Both can be created using systematic marks.
艺术中的肌理指物体表面的质感——它看起来会有什么样的触感。图案是设计母题的重复。两者都可以通过系统的笔触来创造。
Visual Texture = Repeated marks, dots, lines to simulate a surface
视觉肌理 = 重复的点、线、笔触以模拟表面
Hatching (parallel lines) and cross-hatching (layered intersecting lines) are basic formulas for creating value and texture. Stippling (many dots) builds up tone gradually. A regular repeating motif (like a grid or alternating shapes) creates decorative pattern.
排线（平行线）和交叉排线（多层交叉线）是创造明暗和肌理的基本公式。点画法（许多点）逐渐构建色调。有规律重复的母题（如网格或交替形状）创造装饰性图案。
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