📚 Philosophy Key Terms Quick Memory Guide | 哲学词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 OCR Philosophy memory guide. This article will help you learn and remember essential philosophical terms quickly. Each term comes with a simple explanation in English and Chinese, along with clear examples you can recall easily. Mastering these words will give you a strong foundation for discussing big ideas, thinking logically, and writing great answers in class.
欢迎来到 Year 7 OCR 哲学的速记指南。这篇文章将帮助你快速学习并记住关键的哲学术语。每个术语都配有中英文的简单解释和易于回忆的例子。掌握这些词汇将为你讨论大观念、进行逻辑思考和写出出色的课堂答案打下坚实的基础。
1. What Is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy comes from two Greek words: 'philo' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom). It literally means the love of wisdom. Philosophers ask deep questions about existence, knowledge, right and wrong, and the meaning of life. They don't just accept things at face value; they question, reason, and seek understanding.
哲学这个词来源于两个希腊词：“philo”（爱）和“sophia”（智慧），字面意思是“爱智慧”。哲学家探讨关于存在、知识、对与错以及生命意义的深刻问题。他们不只看表面，而是不断地提问、推理并寻求理解。
2. Argument | 论证
In philosophy, an argument is not a fight. It is a set of reasons, called premises, that lead to a conclusion. A good argument must have clear logic. For example: Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is human. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal. This is a classic logical structure.
在哲学中，论证不是争吵。它是一组理由，称作“前提”，这些前提导向一个结论。一个好的论证必须有清晰的逻辑。例如：前提1：所有人都会死。前提2：苏格拉底是人。结论：所以，苏格拉底会死。这就是一个经典的逻辑结构。
3. Premise & Conclusion | 前提与结论
A premise is a statement that provides a reason or evidence in an argument. A conclusion is the statement that the argument is trying to prove. When you spot 'therefore', 'so', or 'hence', you are likely looking at the conclusion. Words like 'because', 'since', or 'given that' often introduce premises.
前提是在论证中提供理由或证据的陈述。结论是论证试图证明的陈述。当你看到“因此”、“所以”、“由此可见”等词时，你很可能正在看结论。像“因为”、“由于”、“鉴于”这样的词通常引出前提。
4. Logic | 逻辑
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It helps us work out whether an argument makes sense. If the premises are true and the structure is valid, we say the argument is sound. A fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that makes an argument unreliable. Spotting fallacies is a key skill in philosophy.
逻辑是研究正确推理的学问。它帮助我们判断一个论证是否有道理。如果前提为真并且结构有效，我们就说这个论证是健全的。谬误是推理中的错误，会使论证不可靠。识别谬误是哲学中的一项关键技能。
5. Fallacy | 谬误
A fallacy is a flaw in reasoning. One common example is the 'ad hominem' fallacy, where you attack the person making the argument instead of the argument itself. For instance: 'You can't trust her idea because she is too young.' That's not about the idea; it's about the person. Philosophers avoid fallacies to keep debates fair.
谬误是推理中的瑕疵。一个常见的例子是“人身攻击”谬误，即攻击提出论点的人，而不是论点本身。例如：“你不能相信她的想法，因为她太年轻了。”这与想法无关，而是针对人。哲学家会避免谬误，以保持辩论的公正。
6. Ethics / Morality | 伦理学/道德
Ethics, also called moral philosophy, is the branch of philosophy that asks 'How should we live?' and 'What is right or wrong?' It isn't just about following rules; it's about thinking critically about why something is good or bad. Key ideas in ethics include happiness, duty, virtue, and consequences.
伦理学，也称为道德哲学，是哲学的一个分支，它探讨“我们应当如何生活？”以及“什么是对或错？”。它不只是遵守规则，更是要批判性地思考某事为什么好或为什么坏。伦理学的关键概念包括幸福、义务、美德和后果。
7. Utilitarianism | 功利主义
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that says the best action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. It is often summarised as 'the greatest good for the greatest number'. When deciding what to do, a utilitarian would weigh the positive and negative consequences of each option.
功利主义是一种伦理学理论，它认为最好的行为就是为最多的人带来最大幸福的行为。它常被总结为“最大多数人的最大利益”。在决定怎么做时，功利主义者会权衡每个选项的积极后果和消极后果。
8. Virtue Ethics | 美德伦理学
Virtue ethics focuses on character rather than rules or consequences. It asks, 'What kind of person should I be?' A virtuous person possesses traits like honesty, courage, and kindness. Aristotle, a famous Greek philosopher, argued that living a virtuous life leads to eudaimonia, a word meaning human flourishing or true happiness.
美德伦理学关注的是品德，而不是规则或后果。它问的是：“我应该成为什么样的人？”一个品德高尚的人拥有诚实、勇敢和善良等品质。古希腊著名哲学家亚里士多德认为，过一种有德性的生活会带来“eudaimonia”，这个词意味着人的兴旺或真正的幸福。
9. Knowledge & Belief | 知识与信念
In philosophy, knowledge is often defined as 'justified true belief'. This means that to know something, you must believe it, it must be true, and you must have good reasons (justification) for believing it. A belief can be true by luck, but that wouldn't count as knowledge. Justification is what turns a lucky guess into real knowledge.
在哲学中，知识通常被定义为“被证成的真信念”。这意味着要知道某事，你必须相信它，它必须是真的，而且你必须有充分的理由（证成）去相信它。一个信念可能出于运气为真，但那不算知识。证成就是将侥幸猜中变为真正知识的东西。
10. Metaphysics | 形而上学
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that explores the nature of reality. It asks big questions: What is there? What is time? Do we have free will? For example, the problem of identity asks what makes you the same person over time, even though your body and thoughts change.
形而上学是哲学的一个分支，探索现实的本质。它提出一些大问题：存在着什么？什么是时间？我们有自由意志吗？例如，同一性问题就在问：尽管你的身体和思想都在变化，是什么让你在不同时间仍是同一个人？
11. Dualism vs. Materialism | 二元论与唯物主义
Dualism is the view that the mind and body are two separate substances. A famous dualist, René Descartes, believed the mind is non-physical while the body is physical. Materialism, on the other hand, claims that everything, including the mind, is physical. Mind can be explained by brain activity alone.
二元论认为心灵和身体是两种不同的实体。著名的二元论者勒内·笛卡尔认为心灵是非物质的，而身体是物质的。相反，唯物主义主张一切事物，包括心灵，都是物质的。心灵可以完全由大脑活动来解释。
12. Scepticism | 怀疑论
In philosophy, scepticism is the attitude of doubting knowledge claims. A sceptic asks, 'Can we really know that?' This isn't simply negative thinking; it's a tool to test the strength of our beliefs. For instance, we might doubt whether our senses always tell us the truth. This careful doubt pushes us to find better reasons.
在哲学中，怀疑论是对知识宣称持怀疑态度。怀疑论者会问：“我们真的能知道那个吗？”这不只是消极思考，而是检验我们信念强度的一种工具。例如，我们可能会怀疑感官是否总是告诉我们真相。这种谨慎的怀疑促使我们寻找更好的理由。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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