📚 Year 7 OCR Politics: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | OCR 七年级政治：关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick memorisation guide for Year 7 OCR Politics! Mastering key political vocabulary early on will help you understand how society is organised, how decisions are made and what your role is as a citizen. This guide breaks down essential terms with simple explanations, bilingual definitions and easy memory tricks, so you can revise smarter rather than longer.
欢迎使用 OCR 七年级政治关键术语速记指南！尽早掌握核心政治词汇，能帮助你理解社会的组织方式、决策过程以及你作为公民的角色。本指南通过简单的解释、中英对照的定义和巧妙的记忆法，为你拆解必学术语，让你更聪明而不是更辛苦地复习。
1. What is Politics? | 什么是政治？
Politics comes from the Greek word 'polis', meaning city-state. In modern terms, politics is the activity through which people make, share and challenge rules in a community. It is not just about government ministers - it happens at school councils, in families and whenever people negotiate or debate decisions that affect everyone. Remember the 3 Ps: People, Power and Policies. Where there are people, there are power relationships; where there is power, there are policies.
政治一词源于希腊语 'polis'，意为城邦。在现代，政治指的是人们在社群中制定、分享和挑战规则的活动。它不仅是政府部长们的事，还发生在学校学生会、家庭中，以及人们协商或辩论影响众人的决策的任何时刻。记住三个 P：人（People）、权力（Power）和政策（Policies）。有人群的地方就有权力关系，有权力就有政策。
Memory tip: picture a school council meeting where students (People) decide how to spend the budget (Power) to improve break times (Policy). This everyday image is a mini political system.
记忆窍门：想象一场学生会会议，学生（人）决定如何使用预算（权力）来改善课间休息（政策）。这个日常画面就是一个小型政治系统。
Politics = People + Power + Policies
2. Democracy and Dictatorship | 民主与独裁
Democracy means 'rule by the people'. In a democracy, citizens have the right to vote for their representatives in free and fair elections. Key features include freedom of speech, a free press and independent courts. A dictatorship, by contrast, is a system where one person or a small group holds all political power, often without free elections, and where criticism of the government may be punished.
民主（democracy）意为"由人民统治"。在民主制度下，公民有权在自由公正的选举中投票选出代表。其主要特征包括言论自由、新闻自由和独立的法院。相反，独裁（dictatorship）是一种由一个人或一个小团体掌握全部政治权力的制度，通常没有自由选举，批评政府可能会受到惩罚。
- Direct democracy | 直接民主：citizens vote on decisions themselves, for example in a referendum. 公民亲自对决策投票，例如全民公投。
- Representative democracy | 代议制民主：citizens elect representatives who decide for them. 公民选举代表替他们做决定。
- Tyranny of the majority | 多数人的暴政：a risk when a majority ignores minority rights. 多数忽视少数权利时出现的风险。
Memory tip: Democracy starts with D for Debate and Decision-making by many; Dictatorship starts with D for Denial of choice and Decisions by one.
记忆窍门：民主的 D 是 Debate（辩论）和 Decision by many（多数决定）；独裁的 D 是 Denial（剥夺）和 Decision by one（一人决定）。
3. Citizenship, Rights and Responsibilities | 公民身份、权利与责任
A citizen is a legal member of a country who enjoys rights and owes duties to that community. Rights are entitlements, such as the right to education, to a fair trial and to express your views. Responsibilities are the duties that come with those rights, such as obeying the law, paying taxes, respecting others' freedoms and, in the UK, serving on a jury if called.
公民（citizen）是一个国家的合法成员，享有权利并对该社群承担义务。权利（rights）是你应得的保障，例如受教育权、公正审判权和表达意见的权利。责任（responsibilities）是伴随权利而来的义务，例如遵守法律、纳税、尊重他人的自由，在英国还包括被传召时担任陪审团成员。
Key documents worth knowing include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), which set out 30 articles protecting basic freedoms, and the Human Rights Act 1998 in the UK.
值得了解的重要文件包括 1948 年的《世界人权宣言》，它列出 30 条保护基本自由的条款，以及英国的《1998 年人权法案》。
Rights ⇌ Responsibilities
a matching duty. Right to be heard → duty to listen. Right to vote → duty to be informed.
记忆窍门：把每一项权利与对应的义务相连。被倾听的权利 → 倾听的义务；投票的权利 → 了解资讯的义务。
4. Government, Parliament and the Monarchy | 政府、议会与君主
Government is the group of people who run the country day to day, led by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. Parliament is the law-making body, made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch. MPs (Members of Parliament) are elected to represent constituencies, which are local areas of roughly equal population.
政府（government）是日常管理国家的一群人，由首相和内阁领导。议会（parliament）是制定法律的机构，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。议员（MPs，Members of Parliament）由选举产生，代表选区（constituency），选区是人口大致相等的地区。
The UK is a constitutional monarchy: the monarch is the head of state but does not rule directly, and their powers are limited by law and convention. Sovereignty, or supreme legal authority, rests with Parliament.
英国是君主立宪制（constitutional monarchy）：君主是国家元首，但并不直接统治，其权力受法律与惯例限制。主权（sovereignty），即最高法律权威，属于议会。
| Term | 术语 | Meaning | 含义 |
| Constituency | 选区 | A local area represented by one MP | 由一名议员代表的地区 |
| Cabinet | 内阁 | Senior ministers who lead government departments | 领导政府各部门的高级部长 |
| Bill | 法案 | A proposed law not yet passed | 尚未通过的拟议法律 |
| Act | 法令 | A law that has passed through Parliament | 已经过议会通过的法律 |
5. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
A general election is held to choose MPs, normally at least every five years. Voters cast a ballot in a secret vote, choosing between candidates who stand for different parties. Each candidate publishes a manifesto, which is a document explaining what their party would do in power. A by-election happens when a single seat becomes vacant between general elections.
大选（general election）用于选出议员，通常至少每五年举行一次。选民以秘密投票的方式投下选票（ballot），在不同政党推举的候选人之间作出选择。每位候选人都会发表竞选宣言（manifesto），即说明其政党执政后会做什么的文件。补选（by-election）则是在两次大选之间某个席位出缺时举行。
The UK uses first-past-the-post (FPTP) for general elections: the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins, even without an overall majority. Proportional representation (PR) systems aim to match the share of seats with the share of votes, and are used in some UK elections such as Scottish Parliament elections.
英国大选采用"领先者当选制"（FPTP）：选区中得票最多的候选人胜出，即使未获得超过半数的选票。比例代表制（PR）则力求让席位比例与得票比例相符，英国部分选举（如苏格兰议会选举）采用此制。
- Turnout | 投票率：the percentage of eligible voters who actually vote. 有投票资格的选民实际投票的百分比。
- Franchise / suffrage | 选举权：the right to vote. 投票的权利。
- Ballot box | 票箱：where completed ballot papers are placed. 投入已完成选票的箱子。
Memory tip: M-C-V-T - Manifesto, Candidate, Vote, Turnout - the journey of one election.
记忆窍门：M-C-V-T——宣言、候选人、投票、投票率——一场选举的完整旅程。
6. Political Parties and the Political Spectrum | 政党与政治光谱
A political party is an organised group that shares aims and tries to win power so it can put its ideas into practice. The party in government runs the country; the opposition challenges it and holds it to account. When no single party wins enough seats, parties may form a coalition, sharing power together.
政党（political party）是一个拥有共同目标、力图赢得权力以实践其主张的有组织团体。执政党管理国家；反对党（opposition）则提出质疑并问责政府。当没有单一政党赢得足够席位时，政党可能组成联合政府（coalition），共同执政。
The political spectrum is a way of describing different views on how much the state should do. Left-wing views generally favour equality, public services and state support; right-wing views generally favour personal freedom, low taxes and market competition. Many parties sit in the centre, mixing ideas from both sides.
政治光谱（political spectrum）用来描述关于国家应承担多少职责的不同观点。左翼（left wing）通常倾向平等、公共服务与国家扶持；右翼（right wing）通常倾向个人自由、低税收与市场竞争。许多政党处于中间（centre），混合双方的主张。
Left ← Centre → Right
7. The Separation of Powers and the Rule of Law | 权力分立与法治
The separation of powers means that political power is divided between three branches so that no single group becomes too strong. The legislature (Parliament) makes laws, the executive (government) carries them out, and the judiciary (courts and judges) interprets them and settles disputes.
权力分立（separation of powers）指政治权力分属三个分支，以免任何单一集团过于强大。立法机构（legislature，即议会）制定法律；行政机构（executive，即政府）执行法律；司法机构（judiciary，即法院与法官）解释法律并裁决争议。
The rule of law is the principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the same laws and that laws should be clear, applied fairly and made by proper process. Checks and balances, such as judicial review and parliamentary scrutiny of ministers, help keep each branch accountable.
法治（rule of law）这一原则意味着包括政府在内的所有人都受同样的法律约束，法律应当清晰、公平适用，并经由正当程序制定。制衡（checks and balances），例如司法审查以及议会对部长的监督，有助于让每个分支承担责任。
- Judicial review | 司法审查：courts checking whether a public body acted lawfully. 法院检查公共机构是否依法行事。
- Accountability | 问责：being answerable for your decisions. 必须为自己的决定负责。
8. Media, Free Press and Fake News | 媒体、新闻自由与假新闻
The media includes newspapers, television, radio and online platforms that report on politics and public affairs. A free press is important because it gives citizens information to make choices, exposes wrongdoing and offers a space for debate. In a democracy, censorship - the blocking of information by those in power - is limited, while in a dictatorship it is often extensive.
媒体（media）包括报道政治与公共事务的报纸、电视、广播和网络平台。新闻自由（free press）十分重要，因为它为公民提供做出选择所需的信息、揭露不当行为并提供辩论空间。在民主国家，审查（censorship，即当权者封锁信息）是有限的；在独裁国家则往往十分广泛。
However, media is not neutral. Bias means presenting information in a way that favours one side. Propaganda is information used deliberately to influence opinion, and fake news is false content presented as real reporting. Good citizens read widely, check sources and compare claims.
然而，媒体并非中立。偏见（bias）指以偏向某一方的方式呈现信息。宣传（propaganda）是刻意用来影响观点的信息；假新闻（fake news）则是被当作真实报道传播的虚假内容。合格的公民会广泛阅读、核查来源并比较不同说法。
Memory tip: B-P-F - Bias, Propaganda, Fake news - three reasons to read more than one source.
记忆窍门：B-P-F——偏见、宣传、假新闻——读不止一个来源的三个理由。
9. Participation, Protest and Pressure Groups | 参与、抗议与压力集团
Participation means taking part in political life. It ranges from voting and joining a party to signing a petition, attending a march or standing for election. Higher participation usually makes a democracy healthier, because decisions better reflect what people want.
参与（participation）意味着投身政治生活。它可以是投票、加入政党，也可以是签署请愿书、参加游行或竞选公职。参与度越高，民主通常越健康，因为决策能更好地反映民众意愿。
A pressure group is an organisation that tries to influence government policy without standing for election, for example by lobbying MPs, running campaigns or using the courts. Some groups are sectional (protecting members' interests, such as a trade union) and some are cause groups (promoting an issue, such as an environmental campaign).
压力集团（pressure group）是不参加选举却力图影响政府政策的组织，例如游说议员、开展运动或诉诸法院。有些团体是"利益型"的（保护成员利益，如工会），有些是"议题型"的（推动某一议题，如环保运动）。
- Petition | 请愿：a signed request for action. 联名要求采取行动的请求。
- Lobbying | 游说：meeting decision-makers to argue your case. 会见决策者以陈述主张。
- Strike / boycott | 罢工／抵制：refusing to work or buy as protest. 以拒绝工作或购买作为抗议。
10. Memory Techniques for Political Vocabulary | 政治词汇记忆技巧
Knowing the terms is only half the job - you must be able to recall them under exam pressure. The following techniques work well for political vocabulary because they combine meaning with structure.
认识术语只是完成了一半——你还必须能在考试压力下回想起来。以下技巧很适合政治词汇，因为它们把含义与结构结合起来。
- Flashcards | 闪卡：term on one side, definition plus example on the other. 一面写术语，另一面写定义加例子。
- Mnemonics | 记忆口诀：turn lists into a word, such as 3 Ps (People, Power, Policies). 把清单编成一个词，如三个 P。
- Mind maps | 思维导图：put 'Democracy' in the centre and branch to elections, rights, media. 把"民主"放在中心，向外分支到选举、权利、媒体。
- Spaced repetition | 间隔重复：review today, in two days, then in a week. 今天、两天后、一周后各复习一次。
- Chunking | 组块化：learn four or five terms per session instead of twenty. 每次学四到五个术语，而不是二十个。
- Teach it back | 反向讲解：explain a term to a friend in one sentence. 用一句话向朋友解释一个术语。
Memory tip: always attach a real example to each term. 'Turnout' becomes 'the 67 per cent who voted in the 2019 general election'. Examples are easier for the brain to hold than abstract words.
记忆窍门：一定要为每个术语配一个真实例子。"投票率"就记成"2019 年大选中投票的 67%"。大脑记住例子比记住抽象词容易得多。
11. Common Exam Mistakes and Quick Self-Test | 常见考试错误与快速自测
Year 7 students often lose marks for small reasons rather than big ones. Watch out for these traps.
七年级学生丢分往往不是因为大问题，而是因为小细节。请留意以下陷阱。
- Confusing government with parliament - the government runs the country, Parliament makes the law. 混淆政府与议会——政府管理国家，议会制定法律。
- Writing democracy when you mean dictatorship, or using 'voting' as the only feature of democracy. 想说独裁却写成民主，或把"投票"当成民主的唯一特征。
- Forgetting to give an example - definitions alone rarely earn full marks. 忘记举例——只写定义很难拿满分。
- Using vague words such as 'stuff' or 'things' instead of precise terms. 用"东西""那些"等模糊词汇代替精确术语。
Now test yourself. Cover the right-hand column and try to define each term aloud.
现在自测一下。遮住右列，尝试口头说出每个术语的定义。
| Term | 术语 | Your definition | 你的定义 |
| Democracy | 民主 | Rule by the people, usually through elected representatives | 由人民统治，通常通过民选代表实现 |
| Constituency | 选区 | A local area represented by an MP | 由一名议员代表的地区 |
| Rule of law | 法治 | Everyone, including the government, is subject to the law | 包括政府在内所有人都受法律约束 |
| Pressure group | 压力集团 | An organisation that influences policy without standing for election | 不参加选举却影响政策的组织 |
| Turnout | 投票率 | The percentage of eligible voters who vote | 有资格选民实际投票的百分比 |
Revise a little every day, keep your examples ready and use the 3 Ps, M-C-V-T and B-P-F tricks whenever you feel stuck. Political vocabulary becomes much easier once each term is tied to a real situation you can picture.
每天复习一点点，准备好你的例子，遇到卡壳时就用三个 P、M-C-V-T 和 B-P-F 这些口诀。一旦把每个术语与一个你能想象的现实情境联系起来，政治词汇就会变得容易得多。
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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