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Year 7 OCR German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 7 OCR 德语:公式定理速查手册

2026-07-16 15:32 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 7 OCR German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | Year 7 OCR 德语:公式定理速查手册

This revision handbook presents essential German grammar rules as clear 'formulas' and 'laws', much like a maths quick-reference guide. For Year 7 students following the OCR curriculum, every pattern from verb conjugation to sentence structure is broken down into a reusable template. Once you internalise these building blocks, forming correct sentences becomes a logical step-by-step process rather than guesswork.

本复习手册将基础德语语法规则提炼为清晰的“公式”与“定律”,就像一本数学速查指南。针对修读OCR课程的Year 7学生,从动词变位到句子结构,每个模式都被拆解为可重复使用的模板。一旦你内化了这些积木块,造出正确句子就会变成有逻辑的逐步推导,而不再靠猜测。

1. The Master Verb Formula (Present Tense) | 核心动词公式(现在时)

In German, a regular verb stem is paired with personal endings. Think of it as a fixed pattern you apply over and over. For the verb spielen (to play), the stem is spiel-.

在德语中,规则动词词干与不同人称词尾配对。把它看作一个不断套用的固定模式。以动词 spielen(玩)为例,词干是 spiel-。

Formula: stem + ending = conjugated verb

公式: 词干 + 词尾 = 变位动词

PersonEndingExample (spielen)
ich (I)-eich spiele
du (you, singular informal)-stdu spielst
er/sie/es (he/she/it)-ter spielt
wir (we)-enwir spielen
ihr (you, plural informal)-tihr spielt
sie/Sie (they/you formal)-ensie spielen

The endings for du and er/sie/es are particularly important because they often cause spelling changes in the stem for certain verbs, such as lesen (du liest, er liest).

du 和 er/sie/es 的词尾尤其重要,因为它们常常引起某些动词词干的拼写变化,比如 lesen → du liest, er liest。


2. The Verb-Second Law (Main Clause Word Order) | 动词第二位定律(主句语序)

The conjugated verb must always be the second idea in a German main clause. The first idea can be the subject, a time expression, a place, or even an object, but the verb stays firmly in position two.

在德语主句中,变位动词必须总是第二个成分。第一个成分可以是主语、时间状语、地点甚至宾语,但动词牢牢占据第二位。

Law: 1st idea + conjugated verb + rest of sentence

定律: 第一成分 + 变位动词 + 句子其余部分

Never put the subject and verb next to each other as first and second if something else is placed first; the subject simply follows the verb to keep position two occupied.

如果第一成分换成了其他内容,绝不要将主语和动词紧挨在一起当作第一位和第二位;主语必须跟在动词后面,以保持第二位被动词占据。


3. Noun Gender Trinity & Definite Articles | 名词三性法则与定冠词

Every German noun has a grammatical gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. The definite article 'the' changes accordingly in the nominative case.

每个德语名词都有语法性别:阳性、阴性或中性。定冠词“the”在第一格(主格)中相应地变化。

Formula:

公式:

GenderNominative ArticleExample
Masculine (der)derder Tisch (table)
Feminine (die)diedie Lampe (lamp)
Neuter (das)dasdas Buch (book)
Plural (all genders)diedie Bücher (books)

Always learn the article together with the noun as a single unit: der Hund, not just Hund. This habit makes case changes far easier later.

永远把冠词和名词当作一个整体来记忆:der Hund,而不只是 Hund。这个习惯会让以后的格变化变得容易得多。


4. Indefinite Article & Negative Article Pattern | 不定冠词与否定冠词模式

The indefinite article 'a/an' and the negative article 'no/not a' follow the same set of endings in the nominative case, simply differing in the initial letter (ein- vs kein-).

不定冠词“a/an”和否定冠词“no/not a”在第一格中词尾完全相同,仅开头字母不同(ein- 与 kein-)。

Formula: ein- + gender ending (masc: -ein, neutral: -ein, fem: -eine, plural: -keine)

公式: ein- + 性别词尾(阳:-ein,中:-ein,阴:-eine,复:-keine 无 ein)

GenderIndefinite (a/an)Negative (no/not a)
Masculineein Hundkein Hund
Feminineeine Katzekeine Katze
Neuterein Buchkein Buch
Plural--- (no a/an)keine Hunde

Note: Kein replaces the indefinite article to express 'not a' or 'no'. For definite negations, use nicht elsewhere in the sentence.

注意:Kein 取代不定冠词来表达“不是/没有”。如果要否定定冠词或整个陈述,需在句子其他位置使用 nicht。


5. The Accusative Case Rule (Direct Object) | 第四格(宾格)规则

When a noun is the direct object of a verb, it moves into the accusative case. Only masculine articles change visibly in accusative; feminine, neuter, and plural stay the same as nominative.

当名词作为动词的直接宾语时,它会变成第四格(宾格)。只有阳性冠词在宾格中有明显变化;阴性、中性和复数与第一格相同。

Law of the Accusative Masculine: der → den, ein → einen, kein → keinen

阳性宾格定律: der → den,ein → einen,kein → keinen

Feminine, neuter and plural remain die/eine/keine, das/ein/kein, die/---/keine respectively. The accusative is a gentle introduction to grammatical cases.

阴性、中性和复数分别保持 die/eine/keine、das/ein/kein、die/---/keine 不变。宾格是语法格的温和入门。


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6. Personal Pronoun Chart (Nom & Acc) | 人称代词速查(主格与宾格)

Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition, and they change from nominative (subject) to accusative (direct object) in a predictable way. Learn the mirror pairs.

代词替代名词以避免重复,它们从主格(主语)到宾格(直接宾语)按照可预测的方式变化。记住对应的配对。

EnglishNominativeAccusative
Iichmich
you (sg informal)dudich
heerihn
shesiesie
iteses
wewiruns
you (pl informal)ihreuch
theysiesie
you (formal sg/pl)SieSie

The only truly new forms are mich, dich, ihn, uns, euch. The others mirror nominative, making the learning load manageable.

真正的新形式只是 mich, dich, ihn, uns, euch。其他与主格相同,学习负担不大。


7. Modal Verb Transformation (Must/Can/Want) | 情态动词变形(必须/能够/想要)

Modal verbs such as müssen (must), können (can), and wollen (want) change the main verb into its infinitive form and boot it to the end of the clause, while the modal itself is conjugated in verb-second position.

情态动词如 müssen(必须)、können(能够)和 wollen(想要)会把主动词推到从句末尾变成原形,而情态动词自身在第二位变位。

Template: subject + modal verb (conjugated) + ... + main verb (infinitive)

模板: 主语 + 情态动词(变位) + ... + 主动词(原形)

The modal verbs have irregular stems in singular: müssen → ich muss, du musst, er muss; kö nn, du kannst, er kann; wollen → ich will, du willst, er will. Plural forms are regular (müssen, könnt, wollen).

情态动词在单数时有非常规词干:müssen → ich muss, du musst, er muss;können → ich kann, du kannst, er kann;wollen → ich will, du willst, er will。复数形式规则变化(müssen, könnt, wollen)。


8. Question Formation Algorithm | 疑问句构造法则

To form a yes/no question, simply move the conjugated verb to the start of the sentence. For a W-question (what, when, why, etc.), the question word leads, followed by the verb.

要构成一般疑问句(是/否问句),直接把变位动词提到句首。特殊疑问句(什么、何时、为什么等)则以疑问词开头,动词紧跟其后。

Yes/No Algorithm: verb + subject + rest

是/否公式: 动词 + 主语 + 其余部分

W-Question Algorithm: question word + verb + subject + rest

特殊疑问句公式: 疑问词 + 动词 + 主语 + 其余部分

Common question words: wer (who), was (what), wann (when), wo (where), warum (why), wie (how).

常用疑问词:wer(谁)、was(什么)、wann(何时)、wo(哪里)、warum(为什么)、wie(怎么样)。


9. The Time-Manner-Place Ordering Rule | 时间—方式—地点排序规则

When multiple adverbial details appear in a sentence, German follows a strict Time – Manner – Place (TMP) sequence. This applies after the verb or in the middle field of the sentence.

当一个句子中出现多个状语成分时,德语遵循严格的时间—方式—地点(TMP)顺序。这适用于动词之后或句子中场位置。

TMP Rule: wann? → wie? → wo?

TMP 规则: 何时 → 怎样 → 哪里

This order sounds natural to German ears; deviating from it can make a sentence feel awkward or emphasise the wrong element.

这个顺序在德语听起来自然;偏离它可能使句子别扭或强调错误的成分。


10. The Possessive Adjective Pattern (My, Your, His...) | 物主形容词模式(我的、你的、他的……)

Possessive adjectives like mein (my), dein (your), sein (his/its), ihr (her) follow the same ending pattern as ein/kein. In the nominative case, they match the gender of the owned noun.

物主形容词如 mein(我的)、dein(你的)、sein(他的/它的)、ihr(她的)遵循与 ein/kein 相同的词尾模式。在第一格中,它们与所有物的名词性别一致。

Formula: stem (mein-, dein-, sein-, ihr-, etc.) + gender ending

公式: 词干(mein- 等) + 性别词尾

PersonMasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
ichmein Brudermeine Schwestermein Buchmeine Eltern
dudein Vaterdeine Mutterdein Zimmerdeine Freunde
er/essein Hundseine Katzesein Autoseine Geschwister
sieihr Onkelihre Tanteihr Hausihre Kinder

When the possessive is used in accusative, only the masculine form changes: meinen Bruder, deinen Vater, ihren Onkel. All others remain identical to nominative.

当物主形容词用于宾格时,只有阳性形式发生变化:meinen Bruder, deinen Vater, ihren Onkel。其他所有形式与主格相同。


11. The Adjective Ending Shortcut (After Definite Article) | 形容词词尾速记法(定冠词后)

In Year 7, the simplest adjective rule to master is the weak ending after the definite article. In nominative singular, the adjective takes -e, regardless of gender; in plural, -en is added after die.

在Year 7,最简单的形容词规则是掌握定冠词后的弱变化。在主格单数中,不论名词性别,形容词加 -e;复数中,在 die 后加 -en。

Pattern: definite article + adjective + -e (singular) or -en (plural)

模式: 定冠词 + 形容词 + -e(单数)或 -en(复数)

For accusative, only the masculine article changes to den, and the adjective also gains -en: den großen Mann. Feminine, neuter and plural remain as above.

在宾格中,只有阳性冠词变成 den,形容词也加 -en:den großen Mann。阴性、中性和复数保持上述不变。


12. Numbers, Dates & the Clock Formula | 数字、日期与时钟表达公式

Numbers 1–20 form the foundation. Once you know the pattern, the teens and tens unlock quickly. For dates and time, use the construction 'am + ordinal + month' for 'on the...' and 'Es ist + number + Uhr' for clock times.

数字1–20是基础。一旦掌握规律,十几和几十也很快就能解锁。日期用“am + 序数词 + 月份”表达,时间用“Es ist + 数字 + Uhr”。

Number building: 1–12 memorise; 13–19: unit + zehn (dreizehn, vierzehn...); tens: unit + zig (zwanzig, dreißig, vierzig, fünfzig...). 21 is einundzwanzig (one-and-twenty), connecting with 'und'.

数字构词: 1–12 记忆;13–19:个位 + zehn (dreizehn, vierzehn…);几十:个位 + zig (zwanzig, dreißig, vierzig, fünfzig…)。21 是 einundzwanzig(一和二十),用 und 连接。

Date formula: am + ordinal (1st: ersten, 2nd: zweiten, 3rd: dritten...) + month

日期公式: am + 序数词 + 月份

Clock formula: Es ist + hour + Uhr (+ minutes)

时钟公式: Es ist + 小时 + Uhr (+ 分钟)

Published by TutorHao | German Revision Series | aleveler.com

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