📚 Year 7 OCR French: Essential Grammar Rules & Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 OCR 法语：语法规则速查手册
Mastering Year 7 French means building a solid foundation in the core grammar rules that act like formulas in mathematics. Once you memorise these patterns, you can construct countless sentences accurately and confidently. This handbook collects every essential rule, verb table, and gender guide you need for the OCR Year 7 French syllabus, presented as clear 'formulas' you can refer to anytime. Use it alongside your class notes and revision sessions to check endings, word order, and key agreements.
掌握七年级法语意味着在核心语法规则上打下坚实基础，这些规则就像数学中的公式一样。一旦你记住了这些模式，就能准确自信地构建无数句子。本手册收集了你需要掌握的 OCR 七年级法语课程大纲中的所有基本规则、动词变位表和词性指南，并以清晰“公式”的形式呈现，方便你随时查阅。请结合课堂笔记和复习课使用，用以检查词尾、词序和关键性数配合。
1. Subject Pronouns | 主格人称代词
Subject pronouns are the foundation of every French sentence. They replace the person or thing doing the action and determine the verb ending. Memorise them in order as a chant: je, tu, il/elle/on, nous, vous, ils/elles.
主格人称代词是每个法语句子的基础。它们代替执行动作的人或事物，并决定动词词尾。请按顺序像口诀一样记住：我、你、他/她/我们（泛指）、我们、你们/您、他们/她们。
| je (I) | nous (we) |
| tu (you, singular informal) | vous (you, plural or formal) |
| il (he / it, masculine) elle (she / it, feminine) on (one / we / people) | ils (they, masculine or mixed) elles (they, all feminine) |
Usage note: 'Tu' is for friends, family, and people your own age. 'Vous' is for adults you do not know well, teachers, and groups. 'On' often replaces 'nous' in spoken French: On va au cinéma? (Shall we go to the cinema?).
用法说明：“tu”用于朋友、家人和同龄人。“vous”用于不太熟悉的成年人、老师和群体。“on”在法语口语中常代替“nous”：On va au cinéma?（我们去电影院好吗？）
2. The Verbs Être (to be) and Avoir (to have) | 动词 être（是）与 avoir（有）
Être and avoir are the two most important verbs in French. They are irregular, meaning they do not follow normal patterns. You must learn them by heart because they are used constantly, including as helping verbs for the past tense later in your studies.
Être 和 avoir 是法语中最重要的两个动词。它们是不规则动词，这意味着它们不遵循正常的变化模式。你必须背熟它们，因为它们会频繁使用，包括在以后的学习中用作构成过去时的助动词。
| Être (to be) | Avoir (to have) | ||
| je suis | I am | j'ai | I have |
| tu es | you are | tu as | you have |
| il/elle/on est | he/she/one is | il/elle/on a | he/she/one has |
| nous sommes | we are | nous avons | we have |
| vous êtes | you are | vous avez | you have |
| ils/elles sont | they are | ils/elles ont | they have |
Key tip: For avoir, note that 'je ai' contracts to j'ai. This contraction happens whenever a vowel follows je, making it sound smooth: j'habite, j'aime. For être, the nous and vous forms share the stem 'et-' while the rest are completely unique.
重点提示：对于 avoir，请注意“je ai”要缩写为 j'ai。每当 je 后面跟一个元音时，就会发生这种缩写，使发音更流畅：j'habite（我住）、j'aime（我喜欢）。对于 être，nous 和 vous 的形式共享词干“et-”，而其余形式则完全独特。
3. Regular -ER Verbs: The Present Tense Formula | 规则 -ER 动词：现在时公式
Around 80% of French verbs end in -ER in the infinitive form. They follow a reliable conjugation pattern: remove the -ER ending to find the stem, then add the correct endings. Think of this as the First Conjugation Formula.
大约80%的法语动词不定式以 -ER 结尾。它们遵循一种可靠的变位模式：去掉 -ER 词尾找到词干，然后加上正确的词尾。可将其视为第一变位公式。
Infinitive = stem + -ER → Conjugated verb = stem + ending
不定式 = 词干 + -ER → 变位动词 = 词干 + 词尾
Take parler (to speak) as your model. The stem is 'parl-'. Add the endings: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.
以 parler（说）作为范例。词干是“parl-”。加上词尾：-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。
| je parle | I speak / I am speaking |
| tu parles | you speak / you are speaking |
| il/elle/on parle | he/she/one speaks |
| nous parlons | we speak |
| vous parlez | you speak |
| ils/elles parlent | they speak |
Silent endings rule: The -e, -es, and -ent endings are silent in pronunciation. You only hear the stem 'parl' for je, tu, il, and ils forms. The nous and vous endings are clearly pronounced. Other common -ER verbs include aimer (to like/love), habiter (to live), regarder (to watch), and jouer (to play).
不发音词尾规则：-e、-es 和 -ent 词尾在发音中不发音。对于 je、tu、il 和 ils 形式，你只能听到词干“parl”。nous 和 vous 的词尾发音清晰。其他常见的 -ER 动词包括 aimer（喜欢/爱）、habiter（居住）、regarder（看）和 jouer（玩）。
4. Definite Articles: The Four Forms of 'The' | 定冠词：“the”的四种形式
Every French noun needs an article, and the definite article (the) has four forms depending on the gender and number of the noun, and whether it starts with a vowel or silent h.
每个法语名词都需要一个冠词，而定冠词（the）有四种形式，具体取决于名词的性、数，以及名词是否以元音或不发音的 h 开头。
| le | masculine singular | le livre (the book) |
| la | feminine singular | la porte (the door) |
| l' | before a vowel or silent h (singular) | l'école (the school, feminine), l'homme (the man, masculine) |
| les | all plural nouns | les livres (the books), les portes (the doors) |
Formula: Definite article = le / la / l' / les + noun. The plural 'les' works for both masculine and feminine nouns, making it the easiest form to remember. When a singular noun begins with a vowel sound, le and la both become l' regardless of gender, so you must learn the gender from context or a dictionary.
公式：定冠词 = le / la / l' / les + 名词。复数形式“les”同时适用于阳性和阴性名词，是最容易记住的形式。当单数名词以元音音素开头时，le 和 la 不论性别都变为 l'，因此你必须从上下文或字典中学习其词性。
5. Indefinite Articles: Un, Une, Des | 不定冠词：un, une, des
Indefinite articles correspond to 'a', 'an', and 'some' in English. They introduce a noun that is not specific, and their forms depend on gender and number.
不定冠词对应于英语中的“a”、“an”和“some”。它们用于引入不特定的名词，其形式取决于性、数。
| un | masculine singular (a/an) | un stylo (a pen) |
| une | feminine singular (a/an) | une trousse (a pencil case) |
| des | plural for both genders (some) | des stylos (some pens), des trousses (some pencil cases) |
Important contrast: In English, we can say 'I like books' with no article, but French requires the definite article: J'aime les livres. Use 'des' when you mean 'some' or when making general statements about quantity: J'ai des amis (I have some friends / I have friends). Negative sentences replace un/une/des with 'de' or 'd'': Je n'ai pas de stylo (I don't have a pen).
重要对比：在英语中，我们可以说“I like books”而不用冠词，但法语必须使用定冠词：J'aime les livres。当你表示“一些”或对数量做一般性陈述时，使用“des”：J'ai des amis（我有一些朋友）。否定句会将 un/une/des 替换为“de”或“d'”：Je n'ai pas de stylo（我没有笔）。
6. Noun Gender: Masculine and Feminine Patterns | 名词性别：阳性和阴性模式
Every French noun is either masculine or feminine. There is no neutral gender. Gender affects the choice of article and the agreement of adjectives. While you must memorise many nouns individually, certain endings give strong clues.
每个法语名词要么是阳性，要么是阴性。不存在中性词性。词性会影响冠词的选择和形容词的配合。虽然许多名词需要单独记忆，但某些词尾提供了强有力的线索。
Commonly masculine endings:
常见阳性词尾：
- -eau: le chapeau (hat), le cadeau (gift)
- -age: le fromage (cheese), le visage (face) — except la plage, la cage, une image
- -ment: le médicament (medicine), le vêtement (garment)
- -oir: le miroir (mirror), le couloir (corridor)
Commonly feminine endings:
常见阴性词尾：
- -tion / -sion: la nation, la télévision, la décision
- -té: la liberté (freedom), la beauté (beauty)
- -ette: la cassette, la recette (recipe)
- -ence / -ance: la patience, la chance
- -euse: la chanteuse (female singer)
Days of the week, months, languages, and colours used as nouns are always masculine: le lundi, le français, le rouge.
星期、月份、语言以及用作名词的颜色总是阳性：le lundi（星期一）、le français（法语）、le rouge（红色）。
7. Adjective Agreement: Matching the Noun | 形容词配合：与名词一致
Adjectives describe nouns and must agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun they modify. This is a fundamental Year 7 rule.
形容词用于描述名词，并必须与其修饰的名词在性（阳性/阴性）和数（单数/复数）上保持一致。这是七年级的一条基本规则。
Adjective Formula: Base form → +e (feminine) → +s (plural) → +es (feminine plural)
形容词公式：基本形式 → +e（阴性）→ +s（复数）→ +es（阴性复数）
| Adjective | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural |
| small | petit | petite | petits | petites |
| big | grand | grande | grands | grandes |
| intelligent | intelligent | intelligente | intelligents | intelligentes |
Irregular adjectives to learn immediately: hite), bon → bonne (good). These appear frequently and must be memorised as special cases.
需要立即学习的不规则形容词：beau → belle（美丽的）、nouveau → nouvelle（新的）、vieux → vieille（旧的）、blanc → blanche（白色的）、bon → bonne（好的）。这些词出现的频率很高，必须作为特例来记忆。
8. Basic Negation: The Ne...Pas Sandwich | 基本否定：ne...pas 三明治结构
To make a sentence negative in French, you place the verb between 'ne' and 'pas'. This creates a sandwich structure that surrounds the conjugated verb.
要将法语句子变为否定，你需要把动词放在“ne”和“pas”之间。这就形成了一个包围变位动词的三明治结构。
Negation Formula: ne + conjugated verb + pas
否定公式：ne + 变位动词 + pas
If the verb begins with a vowel or silent h, 'ne' becomes n'. The word 'pas' stays at the end of the verb.
如果动词以元音或不发音的 h 开头，“ne”变为 n'。而“pas”始终放在动词之后。
| Affirmative | Negative |
| Je parle français. | Je ne parle pas français. |
| Tu aimes le chocolat. | Tu n'aimes pas le chocolat. |
| Elle est contente. | Elle n'est pas contente. |
With indefinite articles: In negative sentences, un, une, and des change to 'de' or 'd'' after 'pas': J'ai un chien → Je n'ai pas de chien. J'ai des frères → Je n'ai pas de frères. This rule only applies to direct objects.
关于不定冠词：在否定句中，un、une 和 des 在“pas”之后变为“de”或“d'”：J'ai un chien → Je n'ai pas de chien（我有一条狗 → 我没有狗）。J'ai des frères → Je n'ai pas de frères（我有兄弟 → 我没有兄弟）。该规则仅适用于直接宾语。
9. Asking Questions: Three Formulas | 提问：三种公式
French offers three main ways to form a question, ranging from informal to formal. Year 7 students should recognise and begin using all three, focusing on the first two for speaking confidence.
法语提供了三种主要的提问方式，从非正式到正式。七年级学生应该认识并开始使用这三种方式，重点练习前两种以建立口语自信。
Formula 1: Intonation (informal, easiest): Keep the word order exactly the same as a statement, but raise your voice at the end.
公式一：语调（非正式，最简单）：保持与陈述句完全相同的语序，但句末用升调。
- Tu aimes le foot? (You like football? / Do you like football?)
Formula 2: Est-ce que (neutral, very useful): Add 'Est-ce que' at the beginning of any statement. If the statement starts with a vowel, use 'Est-ce qu''.
公式二：Est-ce que（中性，非常实用）：在任何陈述句的开头加上“Est-ce que”。如果陈述句以元音开头，则使用“Est-ce qu'”。
- Est-ce que tu aimes le foot? (Do you like football?)
- Est-ce qu'il habite à Paris? (Does he live in Paris?)
Formula 3: Inversion (formal, written): Swap the subject pronoun and the verb, and join them with a hyphen. Add -t- between them if two vowels clash.
公式三：倒装（正式，书面）：调换主语代词和动词的位置，并用连字符连接。如果两个元音冲突，则在中间加上 -t-。
- Parles-tu anglais? (Do you speak English?)
- A-t-il un frère? (Does he have a brother?)
For Year 7, mastering intonation and 'Est-ce que' questions will cover most of your needs in speaking and writing tasks.
对于七年级来说，掌握语调和“Est-ce que”提问法就能满足口语和写作任务中的大多数需求。
10. Basic Prepositions of Place | 基础地点介词
Prepositions describe where something or someone is located. These small words control meaning and combine with definite articles in important ways.
介词用来描述某物或某人的位置。这些小小的词汇控制着句意，并以重要的方式与定冠词结合。
| French | English | Example |
| dans | in / inside | dans le sac (in the bag) |
| sur | on | sur la table (on the table) |
| sous | under | sous le lit (under the bed) |
| devant | in front of | devant la porte (in front of the door) |
| derrière | behind | derrière la maison (behind the house) |
| entre | between | entre le lit et l'armoire (between the bed and the wardrobe) |
| à côté de | next to | à côté du cinéma (next to the cinema) |
Contractions to learn: à + le = au (je vais au parc), de + le = du (à côté du parc). These contractions are mandatory and appear in many topics throughout Year 7.
需要学习的缩合：à + le = au（我去公园 au parc），de + le = du（在公园旁边 du parc）。这些缩合是强制性的，并贯穿七年级的许多话题。
11. Possessive Adjectives: My, Your, His, Her | 所有格形容词：我的、你的、他的、她的
Possessive adjectives agree with the noun they describe in gender and number, not with the owner. This is a very different logic from English and a common Year 7 trap.
所有格形容词在性和数上要与它们所描述的名词保持一致，而不是与所有者一致。这与英语的逻辑非常不同，是七年级的一个常见陷阱。
| Owner | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Plural (both genders) |
| my | mon | ma | mes |
| your (tu) | ton | ta | tes |
| his / her / its | son | sa | ses |
| our | notre | notre | nos |
| your (vous) | votre | votre | vos |
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