📚 OCR Year 7 Computing: Essential Vocabulary Memory Guide | OCR 7年级计算机：核心词汇速记指南
Welcome to your quick reference for the most important terms in Year 7 Computing. Each word is explained clearly in English, followed by the Chinese translation — perfect for building strong foundations in both languages and concepts.
欢迎来到7年级计算机核心术语速记指南。每个术语都先用英文清晰解释，紧接着提供中文翻译与说明，帮助你在掌握概念的同时巩固双语理解。
1. Hardware Basics | 硬件基础
Hardware means all the physical parts of a computer that you can actually see and touch, like the monitor, keyboard, mouse, motherboard and internal chips.
硬件指的是计算机上所有看得见、摸得着的物理部件，例如显示器、键盘、鼠标、主板和内部芯片。
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is often called the 'brain' of the computer. It fetches, decodes and executes instructions billions of times per second.
中央处理器（CPU）常被比作计算机的“大脑”。它每秒钟可以取指令、译码并执行指令数十亿次。
Motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all the components together so they can communicate.
主板是连接所有组件、让它们能够相互通信的主电路板。
Power Supply Unit (PSU) converts electricity from the wall socket into the correct voltages for the computer’s components.
电源供应器（PSU）将墙上的交流电转换成适合计算机组件使用的直流电压。
2. Input and Output Devices | 输入输出设备
Input devices allow users to send data or commands into a computer. Examples include keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, and scanner.
输入设备用来将数据或指令送入计算机。常见的有键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风和扫描仪。
Output devices show or present the results of processing. Common ones are monitor, printer, speakers and headphones.
输出设备负责显示或呈现处理结果，如显示器、打印机、音箱和耳机。
Touchscreen works as both an input and output device: it displays information and also senses where your finger touches.
触摸屏既是输入设备也是输出设备：它既显示信息，又能感知手指触碰的位置。
3. Storage and Memory | 存储与内存
Primary memory (RAM and ROM) is directly accessed by the CPU. RAM is volatile — it loses all data when the power is turned off. ROM is non-volatile and keeps its contents permanently.
主存储器（RAM 和 ROM）由 CPU 直接访问。RAM（随机存取存储器）是易失性的，断电后数据全部丢失；ROM（只读存储器）是非易失性的，内容永久保留。
Secondary storage holds data permanently even without power. Hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), USB flash drives and optical discs are typical examples.
辅助存储器可以在不供电的情况下永久保存数据。典型例子有机械硬盘（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）、U盘和光盘。
Capacity 00 bytes, 1 megabyte (MB) ≈ 1000 KB, 1 gigabyte (GB) ≈ 1000 MB, 1 terabyte (TB) ≈ 1000 GB.
容量以字节为单位：1 千字节（KB）约 1000 字节，1 兆字节（MB）约 1000 KB，1 吉字节（GB）约 1000 MB，1 太字节（TB）约 1000 GB。
4. Software Types | 软件类型
Software is the set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It is split into two main categories: system software and application software.
软件是指示硬件执行任务的指令集合，主要分为系统软件和应用软件两大类。
System software includes operating systems (like Windows, macOS, Linux) and utility programs that manage and maintain the computer.
系统软件包括操作系统（如 Windows、macOS、Linux）以及用于管理和维护计算机的实用工具程序。
Application software performs specific tasks for users, such as word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers and games.
应用软件为用户完成特定任务，例如文字处理、电子表格、网页浏览器和游戏。
5. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Binary is a number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. Computers use binary because transistors have two stable states — on (1) and off (0).
二进制是只用 0 和 1 两个数码的数制。计算机使用二进制是因为晶体管有开（1）和关（0）两个稳定状态。
Bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data — a single 0 or 1. A group of 8 bits is called a byte.
比特（bit）是最小的数据单位，一个 0 或 1。8 个比特组成一个字节（byte）。
Denary (decimal) is the base‑ kill: for example, the binary number 1101 equals 13 in denary (1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰).
十进制（denary）是我们日常使用的基数为 10 的数制。二进制与十进制的转换是一项基本技能：比如二进制 1101 等于十进制的 13（1×2³ + 1×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰）。
6. Algorithms and Flowcharts | 算法与流程图
Algorithm is a step‑by‑step set of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. It must be clear, precise, and terminate after a finite number of steps.
算法是解决问题或完成任务的逐步指令序列，必须清晰、精确，并在执行有限步后结束。
Flowchart is a diagram that shows an algorithm using standard symbols: ovals for Start/End, rectangles for processes, parallelograms for input/output, and diamonds for decisions.
流程图是用标准符号表示算法的图形：椭圆表示开始/结束，矩形表示处理步骤，平行四边形表示输入/输出，菱形表示判断。
Pseudocode is a way of writing algorithms in plain English‑like statements, without worrying about strict programming grammar.
伪代码是用接近自然语言的简单语句描述算法的方式，不必遵循严格的编程语法。
7. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
Sequence means executing instructions one after another, in the order they are written. It is the simplest control structure.
顺序是指按照语句书写的先后顺序一条接一条地执行，是最基本的控制结构。
Selection uses conditions (such as IF…THEN…ELSE) to make choices and branch the flow of a program.
选择通过条件（如 IF…THEN…ELSE）进行判断，让程序根据不同情况产生分支。
Iteration (or looping) repeats a block of code. There are definite loops (FOR a known number of times) and indefinite loops (WHILE a condition is true).
迭代（循环）重复执行一段代码。有确定次数的循环（FOR 循环）和条件控制的循环（WHILE 条件为真）。
Variable is a named container that stores a value which can change while the program runs. Think of it as a labelled box where you keep data.
变量是一个有名字的“容器”，存放程序运行过程中可以改变的值，就像贴了标签的盒子存放数据。
8. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
Network is two or more computers connected together to share resources, files or internet access. A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small area like a school; a WAN (Wide Area Network) spans large distances, e.g. the internet.
网络是两台或更多计算机连接在一起以便共享资源、文件或互联网连接。局域网（LAN）覆盖学校等小范围；广域网（WAN）覆盖远距离，如互联网。
Router directs data packets between networks, deciding the best path. A switch connects devices within a single network and forwards data only to the intended device.
路由器在网络之间引导数据包，选择最佳路径；交换机连接同一网络内的设备，只把数据转发给目标设备。
IP address is a unique number that identifies a device on a network, like a postal address. DNS (Domain Name System) translates easy‑to‑remember website names (like google.com) into IP addresses.
IP 地址是网络中设备的唯一标识号，好比邮寄地址；DNS（域名系统）将易记的网站名称（如 google.com）转换成 IP 地址。
9. E-Safety and Security | 网络安全与防护
Malware is malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Viruses, worms, trojans, and spyware are common types.
恶意软件是为破坏计算机系统或未经授权访问而设计的软件，常见类型有病毒、蠕虫、木马和间谍软件。
Phishing is a scam where fake emails or messages trick people into revealing personal data like passwords and bank details.
网络钓鱼是一种欺诈手段，通过伪造的电子邮件或信息诱骗人们泄露密码、银行信息等个人数据。
Encryption scrambles data so that only authorised users with a ‘key’ can read it. It protects privacy when data is sent over the internet.
加密将数据打乱，只有拥有“密钥”的合法用户才能读取，保护网络传输中的数据隐私。
Password strength matters: a strong password uses a mix of upper‑ and lowercase letters, numbers and symbols, and is at least 8 characters long.
密码强度很重要：强密码至少8个字符，包含大小写字母、数字和符号。
10. Computational Thinking | 计算思维
Decomposition means breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. For example, planning a school trip can be split into transport, food, budget and schedule.
分解是将复杂问题拆分成更小、更易处理的若干部分。比如策划一次学校旅行，可以分解为交通、餐饮、预算和时间安排。
Pattern recognition is finding similarities, trends or repeated sequences in problems. Recognising patterns helps you reuse solutions.
模式识别是找出问题中的相似性、趋势或重复序列。识别出模式有助于复用解决方案。
Abstraction focuses on the important details while ignoring irrelevant information. When drawing a map, you show key landmarks but leave out every single tree.
抽象是关注重要细节、忽略无关信息的过程。画地图时，标出主要地标而不画出每一棵树就是一种抽象。
Algorithmic thinking is the ability to create step‑by‑step rules to solve a problem, similar to writing a recipe.
算法思维是设计分步规则解决问题的能力，类似于编写一份食谱。
Published by TutorHao | Computing Revision Series | aleveler.com
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