📚 Year 7 OCR Psychology: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | Year 7 OCR 心理学：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook brings together the most important formulas, theorems, and theoretical models for Year 7 OCR Psychology. Whether you are brushing up for a quiz or completing homework, use these clear explanations and paired summaries to cement your understanding of key psychological concepts.
本速查手册汇集了 Year 7 OCR 心理学中最重要的公式、定理和理论模型。无论你是准备小测验还是完成作业，都可以借助这些清晰的解释和同步配对的总结来巩固对关键心理学概念的理解。
1. How to Use This Handbook | 如何使用本手册
This handbook organises essential psychological rules into short, bilingual sections. Read the English definition first, then read the corresponding Chinese paragraph to reinforce meaning. Focus on the bolded formulas and bullet points, and use this handbook alongside your class notes and textbook.
本手册将心理学中的核心定律编排成简短的双语小节。先阅读英文定义，再阅读相应的中文段落以加深理解。重点关注加粗的公式和要点，并结合课堂笔记与教材使用本手册。
2. Descriptive Statistics: The Core Formulas | 描述性统计：核心公式
The mean (average) is found by adding all values together and dividing by the total number of values. Mean = Σx / n, where Σx is the sum of scores and n is the number of scores.
平均数（均值）的计算是把所有数值相加再除以数值的个数。平均数 = Σx / n，其中 Σx 是分数总和，n 是分数的个数。
The median is the middle score when the data are arranged in ascending or descending order. If there is an even number of scores, take the mean of the two middle scores.
中位数是将数据按升序或降序排列后居于中间位置的数值。如果分数个数为偶数，则取中间两个分数的平均数。
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a data set. A data set can have one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal), or more.
众数是数据集中出现次数最多的数值。可能存在一个众数（单峰）、两个众数（双峰）或多个。
The range measures the spread of scores. Range = Highest value - Lowest value.
极差衡量数据的离散程度。极差 = 最大值 - 最小值。
These descriptive statistics help psychologists summarise and understand research data at a glance.
这些描述性统计有助于心理学家快速总结和理解研究数据。
3. Percentage and Proportional Calculations | 百分比与比例计算
A percentage expresses a number as a fraction of 100. To calculate the percentage of a score, use: Percentage = (Part / Whole) × 100.
百分比将数值表示为 100 的分数。计算得分百分比时使用：百分比 = （部分 / 整体） × 100。
For example, if 15 out of 30 participants recalled a word, the proportion is 15/30 = 0.5.
研究中常用比例来比较不同组别。例如，30 名参与者中有 15 人回忆出某个词语，则比例为 15/30 = 0.5。
Percentage change shows the increase or decrease relative to the original value: % Change = [(New - Old) / Old] × 100.
百分比变化表示相对于原始数值的增减：变化百分比 = [（新值 - 旧值） / 旧值] × 100。
4. The Multi-Store Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) | 记忆的多存储模型
The model proposes three separate memory stores: the sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
该模型提出三种独立的记忆存储：感觉登记、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。
The sensory register holds information from the senses for a very short time (less than half a second for visual information). Only attended information passes to STM.
感觉登记在极短时间内（视觉信息通常不到半秒）保持来自感官的信息。只有被注意到的信息才会进入短时记忆。
ort-term memory has a limited capacity, typically 7 ± 2 items, and a duration of around 18–30 seconds without rehearsal.
短时记忆容量有限，通常为 7 ± 2 个项目；如果未进行复述，持续时间约为 18–30 秒。
Maintenance rehearsal can keep information in STM and help transfer it to long-term memory. Long-term memory has potentially unlimited capacity and duration.
维持性复述可将信息保持在短时记忆中，并帮助将其转入长时记忆。长时记忆的容量和持续时间几乎是无限的。
Information is retrieved from LTM back into STM when needed for a task.
当需要时，信息从长时记忆中被提取回短时记忆使用。
5. Miller's Law: The Magical Number 7 ± 2 | 米勒定律：神奇数字 7 ± 2
George Miller (1956) proposed that the capacity of short-term memory is about seven items, plus or minus two (i.e., between five and nine chunks of information).
乔治·米勒（1956）提出，短时记忆的容量大约为 7 个项目，上下浮动 2 个（即 5 到 9 个信息组块）。
'Chunking' is the process of grouping separate pieces of information into larger, meaningful units. This helps overcome the limited capacity of STM.
“组块化”是将分离的信息片段组合成更大、有意义单元的过程，有助于克服短时记忆容量的限制。
For example, the phone number 07700900123 is easier to remember as 07700 900 123 (three chunks) than as eleven single digits.
例如，电话号码 07700900123 若按 07700 900 123（三个组块）记忆，就比当作 11 个独立数字更容易记住。
6. Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) | 社会学习理论
Bandura's Social Learning Theory states that people learn behaviour by observing others (models) and imitating their actions. Four mediational processes are required: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation (ARRM).
班杜拉的社会学习理论认为，人们通过观察他人（榜样）并模仿其行为来学习。这一过程需要四个中介过程：注意、保持、复制和动机（ARRM）。
Attention: The observer must pay attention to the model's behaviour. Factors like the model's attractiveness and status increase attention.
注意
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com 更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图