📚 Year 7 OCR Biology: Key Terminology Quick Guide | Year 7 OCR 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your visual dictionary for Year 7 OCR Biology. Mastering the language of science is the first step to understanding living organisms. This guide breaks down essential terms, pairs them with simple explanations, and provides memorable tricks so you can recall them confidently in class and assessments.
欢迎来到 Year 7 OCR 生物的图解词典。掌握科学语言是理解生命世界的第一步。本指南将核心术语拆解，配以简单解释和记忆妙招，让你能在课堂和评估中自信地回忆它们。
1. Cells and Microscopy | 细胞与显微镜
All living things are built from cells, the smallest units that can carry out life processes. Some organisms are unicellular (bacteria), while plants and animals are multicellular.
所有生物都由细胞构成，细胞是能够执行生命过程的最小单位。有些生物是单细胞的（细菌），而植物和动物是多细胞的。
Robert Hooke first observed dead cork cells in 1665 and coined the name 'cell' because they looked like tiny rooms. Today we use light microscopes to view living cells. The formula for total magnification is: eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification.
罗伯特·虎克于1665年首次观察了死亡的软木细胞，并因为它们看起来像小房间而创造了"细胞"一词。今天我们使用光学显微镜观察活细胞。总放大倍数的公式为：目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数。
Key terms to remember: magnification (how much bigger an image appears), resolution (clarity of image), and field of view (the circle of light you see). Staining with iodine or methylene blue helps cell structures stand out.
需要记住的关键术语：放大倍数（图像被放大的程度）、分辨率（图像的清晰度）和视野（你看到的亮圈）。用碘液或亚甲蓝染色有助于突显细胞结构。
Memory trick: Micro- means small, scope means to look – a microscope is a 'small-looker'. 'Cell' rhymes with 'bell' – both have walls that enclose something important.
记忆窍门： Micro- 表示微小，scope 表示观察——显微镜就是一个"微小观察器"。Cell（细胞）与bell（铃铛）押韵——两者都有外壳包裹着重要的东西。
2. Cell Structures and Their Functions | 细胞结构及其功能
Animal cells contain a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria. Plant cells have these four plus a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large permanent vacuole.
动物细胞含有细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核和线粒体。植物细胞除了这四种结构，还拥有细胞壁、叶绿体和一个大液泡。
The nucleus acts as the control centre, storing DNA. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. Mitochondria are the 'powerhouses' that release energy through aerobic respiration.
细胞核是控制中心，储存DNA。细胞质是果冻状物质，化学反应在这里发生。线粒体是"能量工厂"，通过有氧呼吸释放能量。
In plant cells, the cell wall made of cellulose provides rigid support. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures sunlight for photosynthesis. The permanent vacuole stores cell sap and helps maintain turgor pressure.
在植物细胞中，由纤维素构成的细胞壁提供坚硬的支撑。叶绿体含有叶绿素，这是捕捉阳光进行光合作用的绿色色素。大液泡储存细胞液并有助于维持膨压。
| Organelle | Memory Image | 记忆图像 |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | The 'brain' or mayor's office | "大脑"或市长办公室 |
| Mitochondria | Power batteries that hum | 嗡嗡作响的动力电池 |
| Cell membrane | Border control gate | 边境检查闸口 |
| Chloroplast | Solar panel kitchen | 太阳能厨房 |
| Cell wall | A brick wall around the cell | 细胞周围的砖墙 |
| Vacuole | A water storage tower | 储水塔 |
3. Organisation: Tissues, Organs, Systems | 组织层次：组织、器官、系统
Multicellular organisms are organised in levels. A tissue is a group of similar cells working together, e.g. muscle tissue. An organ is made of different tissues, e.g. the heart. An organ system is a group of organs that perform a major function, e.g. the circulatory system.
多细胞生物具有不同的结构层次。组织是一群相似细胞共同工作，例如肌肉组织。器官由不同的组织构成，例如心脏。器官系统是执行某一主要功能的一组器官，例如循环系统。
ouse. Cells are bricks, tissues are walls, organs are rooms, and systems are the entire house working in harmony.
可以把它想象成 砖块 → 墙壁 → 房间 → 房屋。细胞是砖块，组织是墙壁，器官是房间，系统则是协调运转的整栋房屋。
Common examples: the digestive system includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas. Each organ contains tissues like muscle and glandular tissue.
常见例子：消化系统包括口腔、食管、胃、肠、肝脏和胰腺。每个器官都含有肌肉组织和腺体组织等。
Use the acronym CTOS (Cells – Tissues – Organs – Systems) to remember the sequence. Add 'Organism' at the top to show the final level.
用首字母缩写 CTOS（Cells – Tissues – Organs – Systems）来记忆排序。在顶部加上 Organism（生物体）作为最高层次。
4. Life Processes – MRS GREN | 生命过程——MRS GREN
All living organisms share seven life processes, remembered by the mnemonic MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.
所有生物都共有七种生命过程，可用助记符 MRS GREN 记忆：运动（Movement）、呼吸（Respiration）、感应（Sensitivity）、生长（Growth）、生殖（Reproduction）、排泄（Excretion）、营养（Nutrition）。
Movement includes both locomotion in animals and slow growth movements in plants. Respiration is the chemical release of energy from food – not just breathing. Sensitivity means detecting changes in the environment and responding.
运动既包括动物的位移，也包括植物缓慢的生长运动。呼吸是食物中化学能的释放——不仅仅是呼吸空气。感应是指察觉环境变化并作出反应。
Growth is a permanent increase in size or cell number. Reproduction is the production of offspring. Excretion removes metabolic waste products, while nutrition is the intake and use of materials for energy and building.
生长是指体积或细胞数量的永久性增加。生殖是产生后代。排泄清除代谢废物，而营养则是摄入并利用物质以获取能量和构建机体。
Quick check: A car moves and uses fuel, but is it alive? No – it does not grow, reproduce, or sense. MRS GREN separates the living from the non-living.
快速检测： 汽车能移动并使用燃料，但它有生命吗？没有——它不会生长、生殖或感应。MRS GREN将生物与非生物区分开来。
5. Photosynthesis – How Plants Make Food | 光合作用——植物如何制造食物
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The word comes from 'photo' (light) and 'synthesis' (putting together).
光合作用是绿色植物利用阳光将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。这个词源于"photo"（光）和"synthesis"（组合）。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. This reaction takes place in chloroplasts using the green pigment chlorophyll. Glucose is the plant's fuel and can be stored as starch.
总反应式为：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。该反应在叶绿体中进行，利用绿色色素叶绿素。葡萄糖是植物的燃料，也可以以淀粉形式储存。
Key vocabulary: stomata (tiny pores on leaves that allow gas exchange), guard cells (control stomata opening), and limiting factors (light, carbon dioxide, temperature).
关键词汇：气孔（叶片上允许气体交换的微孔）、保卫细胞（控制气孔开闭）和限制因子（光照、二氧化碳、温度）。
Memory tip: 'Plants are chefs that use sunlight to turn CO₂ and H₂O into sugar.' The word 'photo-synthesis' reminds you that light builds food. Look for the arrow '→' which shows the direction of change.
记忆提示："植物是利用阳光将CO₂和H₂O变成糖的大厨。" photo-synthesis这个词提醒你光构建食物。寻找箭头"→"，它展示变化方向。
6. Respiration – Releasing Energy | 呼吸作用——释放能量
Respiration is not the same as breathing. Breathing supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, while respiration is the chemical reaction inside cells that breaks down glucose to release energy.
呼吸作用不同于呼吸。呼吸提供氧气并排出二氧化碳，而呼吸作用是细胞内将葡萄糖分解以释放能量的化学反应。
r (+ Energy). Most organisms rely on this efficient process, which takes place in mitochondria.
有氧呼吸需要氧气：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。大多数生物依赖这一高效过程，它在线粒体中进行。
Anaerobic respiration happens without oxygen. In animals, it produces lactic acid, causing muscle cramps. In yeast, it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation). The energy yield is much lower.
无氧呼吸在无氧条件下发生。在动物体内产生乳酸，导致肌肉痉挛。在酵母中产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。能量产出要低得多。
→ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O; Anaerobic (animals): Glucose → Lactic acid; Yeast: Glucose → Ethanol + CO₂.
方程式总结：有氧：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O；无氧（动物）：葡萄糖 → 乳酸；酵母：葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + CO₂。
Think of mitochondria as tiny furnaces that 'burn' glucose gently. The energy released is used for movement, growth, and keeping warm. Lactic acid build-up is the 'burn' you feel during a sprint.
把线粒体想象成温和"燃烧"葡萄糖的微型熔炉。释放的能量用于运动、生长和保持体温。乳酸积累是冲刺时感到的"灼烧感"。
7. Reproduction – Making New Life | 生殖——创造新生命
Reproduction ensures the continuation of species. There are two main types: sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg), resulting in offspring with mixed traits. Asexual reproduction produces clones from one parent.
生殖确保物种延续。主要有两种类型：有性生殖和无性生殖。有性生殖涉及雄性和雌性配子（精子和卵细胞）的结合，产生具有混合性状的后代。无性生殖由一个亲本产生克隆。
In plants, sexual reproduction occurs through flowers. Pollination transfers pollen from anther to stigma, leading to fertilisation. Seeds then develop and dispersal methods include wind, water, animals, and explosion.
在植物中，有性生殖通过花进行。传粉将花粉从花药传递到柱头，最终受精。种子接着发育，传播方式包括风、水、动物和弹射。
Key terms: gamete (sex cell), zygote (fertilised egg), embryo (early development stage), fetus (later stage in mammals), germination (when a seed starts to grow). Asexual examples: runners, bulbs, tubers, cuttings.
关键术语：配子（性细胞）、受精卵（受精后的细胞）、胚胎（早期发育阶段）、胎儿（哺乳动物后期阶段）、萌发（种子开始生长）。无性生殖的例子：匍匐茎、鳞茎、块茎、扦插。
Remember: 'Sexual' brings variety – it's like shuffling a deck of cards. 'Asexual' is a photocopier – exact copies. The word 'gamete' sounds like 'game meet' – two players meeting to start the game of life.
记忆：有性生殖带来多样性——就像洗牌。无性生殖如同复印机——一模一样。"Gamete" 听起来像 "game meet"——两个参与者相遇，开始生命游戏。
8. Classification and Keys | 分类与检索表
Classification is the sorting of living things into groups based on shared features. The largest groups are kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes. Within kingdoms, organisms are further divided using the Linnaean system.
分类是根据共同特征将生物分组。最大的类群是界：动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界。界内再通过林奈分类系统细分。
The hierarchy: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. The phrase 'King Philip Came Over For Good Soup' helps you remember the order. Every species has a two-part scientific name, e.g. Homo sapiens.
分类层级：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。短语 'King Philip Came Over For Good Soup' 帮你记住顺序。每个物种有一个由两部分组成的学名，例如 Homo sapiens。
Vertebrate groups: mammals (fur, milk), birds (feathers, beak), reptiles (dry scales), amphibians (moist skin, life cycle in water and land), fish (scales, gills). Invertebrates include arthropods (insects, spiders) and molluscs.
脊椎动物类群：哺乳动物（毛皮、哺乳）、鸟类（羽毛、喙）、爬行动物（干燥鳞片）、两栖动物（湿润皮肤、水中和陆地生活史）、鱼类（鳞片、鳃）。无脊椎动物包括节肢动物（昆虫、蜘蛛）和软体动物。
Dichotomous keys use pairs of contrasting questions to identify organisms. Each step offers two choices, narrowing down until you reach the species. Practice with simple leaves or shells.
分支检索表使用成对对照问题来鉴别生物。每一步提供两个选择，逐步缩小范围，直到确定物种。可用简单的树叶或贝壳练习。
9. Ecology: Ecosystems and Food Chains | 生态：生态系统与食物链
A habitat is the place where an organism lives. A population is all the members of one species in a habitat. A community combines all populations living in an area, and an ecosystem includes the community plus the non-living (abiotic) factors like light and water.
栖息地是生物居住的地方。种群是某一栖息地中同一物种的全部个体。群落是生活在某一区域的所有种群的组合，而生态系统包括群落加上非生物（非生命）因素，如光照和水。
Food chains show the transfer of energy from producers to consumers. Producers (plants) make their own food. Primary consumers eat plants, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on. Decomposers break down dead matter, returning nutrients to the soil.
食物链展示能量从生产者到消费者的传递。生产者（植物）自造食物。初级消费者吃植物，次级消费者吃初级消费者，以此类推。分解者分解死亡的有机体，将养分归还土壤。
od web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing more realistic feeding relationships.
食物链中的箭头指向能量流动的方向，总是从食物指向取食者：草 → 兔子 → 狐狸。食物网是相互连接的食物链的网络，显示出更真实的捕食关系。
Key terms: predator (hunts), prey (is hunted), trophic level (position in chain), herbivore, carnivore, omnivore. Decomposers like bacteria and fungi are essential 'nature's recyclers'.
关键术语：捕食者（猎食）、猎物（被捕食）、营养级（在链中的位置）、草食动物、肉食动物、杂食动物。分解者如细菌和真菌是重要的"大自然回收者"。
10. Variation, Adaptation and Evolution | 变异、适应与进化
Variation describes differences between individuals of the same species. Continuous variation (e.g. height) shows a range, while discontinuous variation (e.g. tongue rolling) has distinct groups. Variation arises from genetic inheritance and environmental factors.
变异描述同种个体间的差异。连续变异（如身高）呈现范围，不连续变异（如卷舌）具有明显类别。变异源于遗传和环境因素。
Adaptation is a feature that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. Structural adaptations are physical traits (polar bear's thick fur), behavioural adaptations are actions (birds migrating), and functional adaptations involve internal processes (a camel's ability to conserve water).
适应是帮助生物在环境中生存和繁殖的特征。结构适应是身体特征（北极熊的厚皮毛），行为适应是动作（鸟类迁徙），功能适应涉及内部过程（骆驼的节水能力）。
Evolution is the gradual change in species over time, driven by natural selection. Individuals with traits better suited to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on those genes – often called 'survival of the fittest'.
进化是物种随时间的逐渐变化，由自然选择驱动。具有更适应环境性状的个体更可能生存并遗传这些基因——常被称为"适者生存"。
Examples: Peppered moths changed colour during the Industrial Revolution due to pollution. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is natural selection in action. Fossils provide evidence for evolution.
例子：桦尺蠖在工业革命期间因污染改变颜色。细菌的抗生素耐药性就是自然选择的例子。化石为进化提供证据。
Memory link: 'Adaptation' sounds like 'a dap station' – a place where you adjust your shoes. Think of organisms adjusting to their habitat. 'Survival of the fittest' does not mean the strongest, but the best fitted to the environment.
记忆联想： "Adaptation" 听起来像 "a dap station"——一个让你调整鞋子的地方。想象生物在适应其栖息地。"适者生存"不是指最强壮，而是最适应环境。
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