📚 Year 7 OCR Chemistry: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 OCR 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key words in Year 7 Chemistry is like learning the alphabet before you read. This guide breaks down every essential term, pairing clear definitions with easy memory tricks so you can speak the language of chemistry with confidence. From particles to pH, every section helps you turn tricky words into lasting knowledge.
掌握 Year 7 化学的关键词汇，就像学阅读前要先学字母一样。这份指南拆解了每个重要术语，将清晰的定义与简单的记忆窍门搭配起来，让你能够自信地使用化学语言。从粒子到 pH 值，每一个部分都帮助你把这些难词变成牢固的知识。
1. States of Matter and Particle Model | 物质状态与粒子模型
All substances are made of tiny, invisible particles. The way these particles are arranged and how they move determines whether the substance is a solid, liquid or gas. This is called the particle model, and it helps explain melting, boiling, condensing and freezing.
所有的物质都由微小的、看不见的粒子构成。这些粒子的排列方式和运动方式决定了该物质是固体、液体还是气体。这就是粒子模型，它可以帮助我们解释熔化、沸腾、冷凝和凝固等现象。
Solid: Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern. They vibrate in fixed positions but cannot move past each other.
固体：粒子紧密排列成规则的图案。它们在固定位置上振动，但不能彼此滑过。
Liquid: Particles are close together but not in a fixed pattern. They can slide over one another, so a liquid flows and takes the shape of its container.
液体：粒子靠得很近，但没有固定的排列模式。它们可以相互滑动，因此液体会流动并呈现容器的形状。
Gas: Particles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds. A gas will spread out to fill any container.
气体：粒子相距很远，并以高速随机运动。气体会扩散并充满任何容器。
Melting: The change from solid to liquid when a substance is heated.
熔化：物质受热时从固态变为液态的过程。
Freezing: The reverse of melting – liquid turns into solid when cooled.
凝固：熔化的逆过程——液体冷却时变为固体。
Boiling / Evaporation: Boiling occurs throughout a liquid at its boiling point; evaporation happens only at the surface and can occur at any temperature.
沸腾/蒸发：沸腾在整个液体中发生，需要在沸点进行；蒸发只发生在液体表面，可在任何温度下发生。
Condensation: Gas changes to liquid when it cools down.
冷凝：气体冷却时变为液体的过程。
Sublimation: A rare change where a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first, like solid carbon dioxide (dry ice).
升华：一种少见的变化，固体不经过液态直接变成气体，例如固态二氧化碳（干冰）。
Diffusion: The spreading of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This is strong evidence for the particle model.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散的过程。这是粒子模型的有力证据。
Memory tip: think of a crowded dance floor – in solids people stand still, in liquids they wiggle past each other, and in gases they run around wildly.
记忆窍门：想象一个拥挤的舞池——固体状态下人们站着不动，液体状态下可以挤来挤去，气体状态下则到处乱跑。
2. Atoms, Elements and the Periodic Table | 原子、元素与周期表
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. An atom is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. The Periodic Table is a chart that lists all known elements in order of increasing atomic number, and it groups elements with similar properties together.
元素是由同一种类的原子组成的纯净物。原子是能参与化学反应的元素的最小微粒。元素周期表是一张按原子序数递增顺序列出所有已知元素的图表，它把性质相似的元素放在同一族里。
Atom: The basic building block of matter. Comes from the Greek 'atomos', meaning 'uncuttable'.
原子：物质的基本构建单元。来源于希腊语 'atomos'，意为“不可切割的”。
Element: A substance consisting of atoms that all have the same number of protons. Each element has a unique chemical symbol, e.g. O for Oxygen.
元素：由质子数相同的原子组成的物质。每种元素都有唯一的化学符号，如 O 代表氧。
Periodic Table: A table where elements are arranged in rows (periods) and columns (groups). Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
元素周期表：元素按行（周期）和列（族）排列的表格。同一族中的元素化学性质相似。
Group: A vertical column in the Periodic Table. For example, Group 1 contains the alkali metals.
族：元素周期表中的一个纵列。例如，第1族包含碱金属。
Period: A horizontal row in the Periodic Table. The period number tells you how many electron shells an atom has.
周期：元素周期表中的一个横行。周期数表示原子有多少个电子层。
Here are some common element symbols with memory tricks:
以下是一些常见元素符号及记忆窍门：
| Element | 中文 | Symbol | Memory Trick (English + 中文) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | 氢 | H | 'H' for 'High' – it's the lightest gas. 'H' 像轻飘飘的气球 |
| Helium | 氦 | He | 'He' makes your voice sound funny – party balloons! |
| Lithium | 锂 | Li | Lithium batteries give 'Li'fe to electronics. |
| Carbon | 碳 | C | 'C' for coal and diamonds – pure carbon forms. |
| Nitrogen | 氮 | N | 'N' for 'air' – 78% of air is Nitrogen. |
| Oxygen | 氧 | O | We breathe 'O' to live – Oxygen. |
| Sodium | 钠 | Na | 'Na' comes from Latin 'Natrium'; think of salt (NaCl). |
| Magnesium | 镁 | Mg | 'Mag' nesium – it burns with a bright white flame, like a magic flash. |
| Aluminium | 铝 | Al | 'Al' – wrap your sandwich in Al foil. |
| Iron | 铁 | Fe | 'Fe' from 'Ferrum'; think of a 'Ferrari' made of iron. |
| Copper | 铜 | Cu | 'Cu' from 'Cuprum'; police 'Cu' in copper-coloured uniforms (just a story!). |
| Silver | 银 | Ag | 'Ag' – imagine a 'Ag' ent 007 with silver gadgets. |
| Gold | 金 | Au | 'Au' – think 'A U' won gold in the Olympics. |
| Zinc | 锌 | Zn | 'Zn' rhymes with 'sin' – zinc is often used to coat steel to prevent rust. |
Remember, the symbol is usually the first one or two letters of the element's English or Latin name.
请记住，元素符号通常是元素英文名或拉丁名的第一个或前两个字母。
3. Molecules, Compounds and Mixtures | 分子、化合物与混合物
Once atoms join together, new terms appear. A molecule is a group of two or more atoms chemically bonded. If the bonded atoms are from different elements, the molecule is also a compound. A mixture, on the other hand, contains different substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded.
一旦原子结合在一起，新的术语就出现了。分子是由两个或更多原子通过化学键结合在一起的原子团。如果键合的原子来自不同的元素，那么这个分子同时也是一种化合物。而混合物则是不同物质物理混合在一起，没有形成化学键。
Molecule: Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Can be the same element (O₂) or different elements (H₂O).
分子：由共价键连接在一起的两个或多个原子。可以是同种元素（O₂），也可以是不同元素（H₂O）。
Compound: A pure substance made of two or more different elements chemically joined in fixed proportions. A compound has properties different from its constituent elements.
化合物：由两种或多种不同元素以固定比例通过化学键结合形成的纯净物。化合物的性质与其组成元素的性质不同。
Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Each substance keeps its own properties and can be separated by physical means.
混合物：两种或多种物质混合在一起但没有发生化学结合。每种物质都保持自己的性质，可以通过物理方法分离。
Pure substance: In chemistry, a single element or a single compound. Not the same as 'pure' in everyday language (e.g. pure orange juice is actually a mixture).
纯净物：在化学中，指单一的元素或单一的化合物。与日常用语中的“纯”不同（例如纯橙汁实际上是混合物）。
Impure: A substance that contains more than one type of particle, i.e. a mixture. Impurities often affect boiling and melting points.
不纯物：含有不止一种粒子的物质，
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