📚 Year 7 OCR Physics: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference | Year 7 OCR 物理：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference guide provides all the essential formulas and theorems you need for Year 7 OCR Physics. Each topic is broken down into clear, bite-sized statements with direct Chinese translations, so you can check the rules instantaneously.
这本速查手册涵盖了 Year 7 OCR 物理所需的所有核心公式与定理。每一个知识点都配以简明的英文表述和对应的中文翻译，方便你随时查阅与复习。
1. Speed and Motion | 速度与运动
Speed describes how fast an object is moving. It is a scalar quantity and does not include direction.
速度描述物体运动的快慢，是一个标量，没有方向。
Average speed is calculated using the formula:
平均速度可用下式计算：
v = d � t
where v is speed (m/s), d is distance travelled (m), and t is time taken (s).
其中 v 为速度（米/秒），d 为通过的距离（米），t 为所用时间（秒）。
To convert km/h to m/s, divide by 3.6.
将千米/时换算为米/秒，需除以 3.6。
To convert m/s to km/h, multiply by 3.6.
将米/秒换算为千米/时，需乘以 3.6。
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h; 1 km/h = 0.278 m/s.
1 米/秒 = 3.6 千米/时；1 千米/时 = 0.278 米/秒。
2. Forces and Elasticity | 力与弹性
When forces act in the same direction, they add up. When they act in opposite directions, the net force is the difference.
同向的力相加，反向的力相减，即可得到合力。
If the net force on an object is zero, the object remains at rest or moves at constant velocity (Newton's first law).
如果物体所受合力为零，它将保持静止或匀速直线运动（牛顿第一定律）。
Hooke's Law describes the extension of a spring as long as the elastic limit is not exceeded.
胡克定律用于描述弹簧在弹性极限内的伸长量。
F = k � e
where F is the force applied (N), k is the spring constant (N/m), and e is the extension (m).
其中 F 为施加的力（牛），k 为劲度系数（牛/米），e 为伸长量（米）。
3. Mass, Weight and Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Weight is the gravitational force acting on that mass, measured in newtons (N).
质量是物体所含物质的量，以千克为单位；重量是作用在该质量上的引力，以牛为单位。
Weight can be calculated using the gravitational field strength g.
重量可由引力场强度 g 计算。
W = m � g
On Earth, g ≈ 10 N/kg, so a 1 kg mass has a weight of about 10 N.
地球上 g 约等于 10 N/kg，因此 1 千克质量的物体重量约为 10 牛。
W is weight (N), m is mass (kg). The value of g is slightly different on other planets.
W 为重量（牛），m 为质量（千克）。g 的数值在其他行星上有所不同。
4. Pressure | 压强
Pressure is the force acting perpendicularly on a unit area.
压强是垂直作用在单位面积上的力。
P = F � A
scals (Pa), F is force in newtons (N), and A is area in square metres (m²). 1 Pa = 1 N/m².
其中 P 为压强，单位帕斯卡（Pa），F 为力（牛），A 为面积（米²）。1 帕 = 1 牛/米²。
The larger the area over which a force is spread, the smaller the pressure.
力作用的面积越大，压强越小。
5. Work and Energy | 功与能
Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction of the force.
当力使物体沿力的方向移动时，力做了功。
W = F � d
W is work done in joules (J), F is force (N), d is distance moved in the direction of the force (m).
W 为所做的功（焦），F 为力（牛），d 为沿力的方向移动的距离（米）。
Energy is the ability to do work. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores.
能量是做功的本领。能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能被创造，也不能被消灭，只能在不同的能量储存库之间转移。
6. Power | 功率
Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
功率是做功或能量转移的速率。
P = W � t
P is power in watts (W), W is work done or energy transferred in joules (J), t is time in seconds (s).
P 为功率（瓦），W 为所做的功或转移的能量（焦），t 为时间（秒）。
1 watt is equal to 1 joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s).
1 瓦等于每秒 1 焦 (1 W = 1 J/s)。
7. Electricity Fundamentals | 电学基础
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge. Charge is measured in coulombs (C).
电流是电荷流动的速率，电荷的单位为库仑 (C)。
Q = I � t
Q is charge (C), I is current (A), t is time (s).
Q 为电荷量（库），I 为电流（安），t 为时间（秒）。
Ohm's Law relates voltage, current and resistance.
欧姆定律给出了电压、电流和电阻的关系。
V = I � R
V is voltage in volts (V), I is current in amps (A), R is resistance in ohms (Ω).
V 为电压（伏），I 为电流（安），R 为电阻（欧姆，符号 &
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