📚 Year 7 AQA Statistics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | AQA 七年级统计：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-fire guide to every essential statistics word and phrase you will meet in the Year 7 AQA Statistics course. Learning the language of statistics early makes everything easier later — from understanding questions to explaining your answers clearly. This bilingual article pairs each term with its Chinese equivalent so you can build confidence in both languages. Use it to revise, test yourself, and fix new words in your memory fast.
欢迎来到速记指南，帮你快速掌握AQA七年级统计课程中所有重要的词汇和术语。尽早学会统计学的语言，能让后续学习事半功倍——无论是理解题目还是清晰表达答案都更轻松。这篇双语文章为每个术语配上对应的中文说法，让你在两种语言中都能建立信心。用它来复习、自我测试，把新词汇快速印入脑海。
1. What is Statistics? | 什么是统计学？
Statistics is the science of collecting, organising, analysing and presenting data. Data means any pieces of information, often numbers or categories, that we can study. In Year 7, you will learn how to work with simple data sets, draw charts and find averages.
统计学是收集、整理、分析和呈现数据的科学。数据是指我们可以研究的任何信息，通常是数字或类别。在七年级，你将学习如何处理简单数据集、绘制图表以及求平均数。
Whenever you record measurements or opinions, you create data that statistics can describe. Even a simple list of classmates' shoe sizes or favourite colours is a data set waiting to be explored.
每当你记录测量值或意见时，就创造了可以用统计描述的数据。即使是全班同学的鞋码或最喜欢的颜色这种简单列表，也是一个等待探索的数据集。
2. Types of Data | 数据类型
Data comes in two main types: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative data describes qualities or characteristics, like 'red', 'square' or 'favourite sport'. It is also called categorical data. Quantitative data is about numbers or quantities you can measure or count, such as height, age or scores.
数据主要有两种类型：定性数据和定量数据。定性数据描述性质或特征，例如“红色”“正方形”或“最喜欢的运动”，也称为分类数据。定量数据是你可以测量或计数的数字或数量，如身高、年龄或分数。
Quantitative data can be split further into discrete and continuous. Discrete data can only take certain values (usually whole numbers), like number of siblings. Continuous data can take any value within a range, like time or temperature. A person’s height is continuous because it could be 152.7 cm, 152.8 cm, and so on.
定量数据可以进一步分为离散型和连续型。离散数据只能取某些特定的值（通常是整数），比如兄弟姐妹的数量；连续数据可以在一个范围内取任何值，例如时间或温度。一个人的身高是连续型的，因为它可以是152.7厘米、152.8厘米等等。
You may also hear the terms primary data and secondary data. Primary data you collect yourself (e.g., a survey you carry out). Secondary data is collected by someone else (e.g., statistics from a book or website).
你可能还会听到初级数据和次级数据这两个术语。初级数据是你自己收集的（如你做的问卷调查）；次级数据是别人收集的（如来自书本或网站的数据）。
3. Population and Sample | 总体与样本
The population is the entire group we want to know about. A sample is a smaller, chosen part of that population used to draw conclusions about the whole. Since surveying everyone is often impossible, we use samples. For instance, if you want to know the average height of Year 7 students in your school, the population is all those students, but you might only measure one class as a sample.
总体是我们想要了解的全部对象。样本是从总体中挑选出的一小部分，用来推断整体情况。由于调查所有人往往不可能，我们使用样本。例如，想知道学校里七年级学生的平均身高，总体是所有七年级学生，但你也许只测量一个班作为样本。
A fair sample must be unbiased and large enough to represent the population. If you only ask your friends, that sample is biased and may not reflect the whole class. A random sample, where everyone has an equal chance of being chosen, gives more reliable results.
一个公正的样本必须没有偏见并且足够大，能代表总体。如果你只问自己的朋友，那个样本就有偏，可能无法反映全班的情况。随机样本中每个人被选中的机会均等，能给出更可靠的结果。
4. Mean | 平均数
The mean is one of the three 'averages' and is what many people think of as the 'average'. You find it by adding up all the numbers, then dividing by how many numbers there are.
平均数是三种“平均数”之一，也是许多人通常所说的“平均值”。要计算它，你需要把所有数字加起来，再除以数字的个数。
Mean = (Sum of all values) ÷ (Number of values)
For data set 3, 7, 8, 2: sum = 3 + 7 + 8 + 2 = 20, count = 4, so mean = 20 ÷ 4 = 5.
数据集 3, 7, 8, 2：总和为 20，个数为 4，所以平均数 = 20 ÷ 4 = 5。
The mean uses every value, so it gives a fair overall picture when there are no extreme outliers. However, one very large or very small number can pull the mean up or down, making it less representative.
平均数使用了每一个数值，因此在没有极端异常值时能给出公平的总体图像。然而，一个非常大或非常小的数字会把平均数拉高或拉低，使其代表性变差。
5. Median | 中位数
The median is the middle number when all values are arranged in order. If there are two middle numbers, you find their mean to get the median. To find it, first sort the data from smallest to largest.
中位数是将所有数值从小到大排列后，正中间的那个数。如果有两个中间的数，就求它们的平均数作为中位数。要找中位数，先要把数据从小到大排序。
d the median of 5, 2, 9, 1, 6. Order: 1, 2, 5, 6, 9. The middle value is 5, so median = 5.
例：求 5, 2, 9, 1, 6 的中位数。排序：1, 2, 5, 6, 9。中间是 5，所以中位数 = 5。
order them as 1, 3, 4, 7. The two middle numbers are 3 and 4. Median = (3 + 4) ÷ 2 = 3.5.
偶数个数值的情况，例如 4, 1, 7, 3：排序 1, 3, 4, 7。中间两个数是 3 和 4，中位数 = (3 + 4) ÷ 2 = 3.5。
The median is not affected by very large or small outliers. That is why you often hear about 'median house prices' — they ignore the few extremely expensive homes that would distort the mean.
中位数不受极大或极小异常值的影响。这就是为什么常听说“房价中位数”——它忽略了少数会扭曲平均数的极昂贵房产。
6. Mode | 众数
The mode is the value that appears most often in a data set. A set can have one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal) or no mode if every value appears the same number of times.
众数是数据集中出现次数最多的那个值。一个数据集可以有一个众数（单峰），两个众数（双峰），或者没有众数（如果每个值出现的次数相同）。
Data: shoe sizes 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5. The mode is 4 because it appears three times. 5 appears twice, and 6 once, so 4 is the most frequent.
数据：鞋码 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5。众数是 4，因为它出现了三次。5 出现两次，6 出现一次，所以 4 是出现最频繁的。
The mode is the only average that can be used with non-numerical (qualitative) data. If you survey favourite colours, the mode tells you the most popular choice. You cannot calculate a mean of 'blue' and 'red'!
众数是唯一可以用于非数字（定性）数据的平均数。如果要调查最喜欢的颜色，众数告诉你最受欢迎的选择。你没法计算“蓝色”和“红色”的平均数！
7. Range | 极差
The range is a measure of spread. It tells you how far apart the smallest and largest values are. It is calculated as:
极差是一种离散程度的度量。它显示最小值与最大值之间的差距。计算公式为：
Range = Largest value − Smallest value
A small range means the data points are close together; a large range shows they are spread out. If the range of test scores is 8 marks, the class performed quite similarly. If the range is 55 marks, there is a huge difference between the best and worst.
极差小表示数据点较为集中；极差大则表示数据分布广泛。如果考试成绩的极差是8分，说明班上表现很接近；如果极差是55分，则最好和最差之间差距巨大。
Example: 12, 17, 13, 22, 15. Largest = 22, Smallest = 12. Range =
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