📚 Year 7 AQA Engineering: Summer Prep & Bridging Course | Year 7 AQA 工程：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to your Year 7 Engineering bridging course! Engineering is all about using science and maths to solve real-world problems and create amazing things. This summer preparation guide will introduce you to the key ideas and skills you will meet in your first year of AQA Engineering, from the design process and materials to electronics and structures. Let's build a strong foundation together.
欢迎来到 Year 7 工程衔接课程！工程就是利用科学和数学解决现实世界的问题，并制造出令人惊叹的东西。这份暑期预习指南将向你介绍 AQA 工程第一年将会接触到的核心概念与技能，从设计流程和材料知识，到电子学和结构。让我们一起打下坚实的基础。
1. What is Engineering? | 什么是工程？
Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles to design machines, structures, bridges, vehicles, electronics, and much more. Engineers identify a problem, research solutions, and then design, build, and test a product or system. There are many branches, including mechanical, civil, electrical, and software engineering. In Year 7, you will start to think like an engineer by working on hands-on design-and-make projects.
工程是对科学原理的创造性应用，用于设计机器、结构、桥梁、车辆、电子产品等。工程师先发现问题，研究解决方案，然后设计、制造并测试产品或系统。工程有许多分支，包括机械工程、土木工程、电气工程和软件工程。在 Year 7 的学习中，你将通过动手设计与制作项目，开始像工程师一样思考。
2. The Design Process | 设计流程
Engineers follow a structured design process to turn ideas into reality. The key stages are: Investigate the problem and user needs, Design possible solutions through sketches and modeling, Make a prototype, and Evaluate the outcome to suggest improvements. This cycle often repeats many times. You will learn to keep a design journal to document your thinking, sketches, and test results.
工程师遵循一套结构化的设计流程，将想法变为现实。关键阶段是：调研问题和用户需求，通过草图和建模来设计可能的解决方案，制作原型，然后评估成果并提出改进建议。这个循环常常重复多次。你将学会使用设计日志，记录自己的思考过程、草图和测试结果。
3. Materials in Engineering | 工程中的材料
Choosing the right material is vital. In Year 7, you will work with common engineering materials such as wood, metals, and plastics. Woods can be hardwoods (oak) or softwoods (pine). Metals include ferrous types like mild steel (which rust) and non-ferrous metals like aluminium (light and corrosion-resistant). Plastics are either thermoplastics (can be reshaped when heated, like acrylic) or thermosets (cannot be reshaped once set, like epoxy resin).
选择合适的材料至关重要。在 Year 7 中，你将接触到常见的工程材料，如木材、金属和塑料。木材分为硬木（如橡木）和软木（如松木）。金属包括含铁黑色金属，如低碳钢（会生锈），以及有色金属如铝（轻质且耐腐蚀）。塑料则分为热塑性塑料（加热可重新塑形，如亚克力）和热固性塑料（一旦固化便不可再次塑形，如环氧树脂）。
4. Properties of Materials | 材料属性
Materials are selected based on their properties: strength (ability to withstand force), hardness (resistance to scratching), toughness (ability to absorb impact without breaking), ductility (can be drawn into wires), electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. The table below compares a few materials you will often use.
材料的选择基于其属性：强度（承受力的能力）、硬度（抗划伤能力）、韧性（吸收冲击而不断裂的能力）、延展性（可拉成丝）、导电性和导热性。下表比较了几种你经常会用到的材料。
| Material / 材料 | Key Properties / 主要属性 |
|---|---|
| Mild Steel / 低碳钢 | Strong, ductile, magnetic, rusts / 坚固、有延展性、有磁性、易生锈 |
| Aluminium / 铝 | Light, corrosion-resistant, good conductor / 轻、耐腐蚀、良导体 |
| Acrylic / 亚克力 | Transparent, brittle, thermoplastic / 透明、质脆、热塑性 |
| Pine / 松木 | Lightweight, easy to cut, softwood / 轻质、易切割、软木 |
5. Workshop Safety | 车间安全
Safety is the number one rule in any engineering workshop. You must always wear personal protective equipment (PPE): safety goggles to protect your eyes, an apron to shield your body, and sturdy closed-toe shoes. Learn where the emergency stop buttons and fire extinguishers are located. When using tools like saws, drills, or soldering irons, always follow the teacher's instructions and never rush. A tidy workspace is a safe workspace.
安全是所有工程车间的第一准则。你必须始终佩戴个人防护装备（PPE）：护目镜保护眼睛，围裙防护身体，并穿上牢固的包头鞋。要了解紧急停止按钮和灭火器的位置。使用锯子、电钻或烙铁等工具时，务必遵循老师的指导，切忌匆忙。整洁的工作区才是安全的工作区。
6. Measuring and Marking Out | 测量与划线
Accurate measuring and marking out are fundamental engineering skills. You will use a steel rule, try square, scriber, and centre punch. The steel rule gives measurements in millimetres (mm). A try square helps you draw lines exactly 90° to an edge. A scriber scratches fine lines onto metal, and a centre punch creates a small dent to guide a drill bit. Practice measuring twice and cutting once — it saves materials!
精确的测量与划线是基本的工程技能。你将使用钢直尺、直角尺、划线针和中心冲。钢直尺提供毫米级的测量值，直角尺帮助你画出与边缘正好成 90° 的直线。划线针在金属上划出细线，中心冲则打出小凹痕以引导钻头。请练习“两次测量、一次切割”——这能节约材料！
7. Introduction to Electronics | 电子学入门
ductors (materials that let electricity flow easily, like copper) and insulators (materials that block it, like plastic). The basic electrical units are voltage (V, in volts), current (I, in amps), and resistance (R, in ohms Ω). Ohm's Law states: V = I × R. A simple way to remember this is the formula triangle.
电子学是工程学的一个分支，它通过控制电流流过元器件来实现有用的功能。你将学习导体（容易让电流通过的材料，如铜）和绝缘体（阻止电流通过的材料，如塑料）。基本的电学单位有电压（V，伏特）、电流（I，安培）和电阻（R，欧姆 Ω）。欧姆定律表明：V = I × R。记住这个公式三角是记忆它的简便方法。
8. Simple Circuits and Components | 简单电路与元器件
A simple circuit must form a complete loop for current to flow. It usually contains a power source (like a battery), a load (such as a lamp or motor), and often a switch to control it. Common components you will handle include resistors (limit current), light-emitting diodes or LEDs (light up when current flows in the correct direction), and buzzers. Always connect the longer leg (anode) of an LED to the positive side of the battery.
简单电路必须构成完整的回路，电流才能流动。它通常包含电源（如电池）、负载（如灯泡或电机），还常配有一个开关进行控制。你将接触到的常见元器件有电阻（限制电流）、发光二极管（LED，当电流沿正确方向流过时发光）和蜂鸣器。连接 LED 时，务必将其长脚（阳极）连接到电池的正极。
9. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Structures must withstand various forces without collapsing. The main types of force are tension (pulling), compression (pushing), bending, torsion (twisting), and shear (sliding past). Engineers use shapes like triangles to make strong frameworks (trusses) because a triangle cannot be deformed without changing the length of its sides. Understanding how forces act helps you design bridges, towers, and even furniture.
结构必须能承受各种力的作用而不倒塌。主要的力的类型有：拉力（拉伸）、压力（压缩）、弯曲力、扭转力（扭转）和剪切力（滑动）。工程师利用三角形等多边形来制作坚固的构架（桁架），因为三角形在不改变边长的情况下不会变形。理解力的作用有助于你设计桥梁、塔架甚至家具。
10. Sketching and Technical Drawing | 草图和工程制图
Before making a product, you need to communicate your design clearly. Freehand sketching lets you get ideas down quickly. Later, you will learn technical drawing techniques such as orthographic projection (2D views from the front, side, and top) and isometric drawing (a 3D-like view drawn at 30° angles). Adding dimensions in millimetres and clear labels turns a sketch into an engineering drawing that anyone can follow.
在制作产品之前，你需要清晰地传达自己的设计。徒手草图能让你快速记录下想法。之后，你将学习技术制图技巧，如正投影法（从前、侧、上三个方向绘制的 2D 视图）和等轴测图（以 30° 角绘制的类似 3D 的视图）。标注出以毫米为单位的尺寸和清晰的标签，就能将一张草图变成人人能看懂的工程图纸。
11. Using CAD Software | 使用 CAD 软件
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) allows you to create precise 2D and 3D models on a computer. In Year 7, you might use software like Tinkercad, Fusion 360, or 2D Design. CAD makes it easy to edit your design, check how parts fit together, and even simulate how a product will behave. Many schools also link CAD to 3D printers and laser cutters, so your computer model can become a physical object.
计算机辅助设计（CAD）能让你在电脑上创建精确的 2D 和 3D 模型。在 Year 7，你可能会使用 Tinkercad、Fusion 360 或 2D Design 等软件。CAD 使设计修改、零件装配检查乃至产品性能模拟都变得轻而易举。许多学校还会将 CAD 与 3D 打印机和激光切割机结合使用，这样你的电脑模型就能变成实物了。
12. Summer Activity Ideas | 暑期活动建议
Get a head start this summer by trying some simple engineering projects at home. You could build a spaghetti bridge and test how much weight it holds, create a simple LED circuit using a coin-cell battery, or design a paper tower that can stand on its own. Use household items like cardboard, straws, and tape. Document your process with photos and notes — this will be excellent practice for your design journal. Stay curious and ask 'how does it work?'
这个暑假提前行动起来，在家里尝试一些简单的工程项目吧。你可以搭建一座意大利面条桥并测试它的承重能力，用纽扣电池制作一个简单的 LED 电路，或者设计一座能独立站立的纸塔。使用硬纸板、吸管和胶带等日常物品。用照片和笔记记录整个过程——这将是你设计日志的绝佳练习。保持好奇心，经常问一句“这是怎么工作的？”
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