📚 Year 7 AQA Art: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Principles | Year 7 AQA 艺术：公式定理速查手册
In Art, just like in Science or Maths, there are essential 'formulas' – a set of rules and principles that help you understand how visual elements work together. This quick reference handbook brings together the key concepts you need to master in Year 7 AQA Art. From the elements of art to colour theory and composition principles, these are the building blocks that will turn your creative ideas into successful artworks. Keep this guide handy whenever you plan, make or review your art projects.
在艺术中，就像在科学或数学中一样，也有必不可少的“公式”——一套帮助理解视觉元素如何协同作用的规则和原则。这本速查手册汇集了你在 Year 7 AQA 艺术中需要掌握的关键概念。从艺术元素到色彩理论，再到构图原则，这些是将创意想法转化为成功作品的基石。请在规划、创作或回顾艺术项目时随时查阅本指南。
1. The Elements of Art Formula | 艺术元素公式
The seven elements of art are the basic ingredients in any artwork. Think of them as your visual alphabet. Mastering them is the first step to creating powerful images. Every piece you make will use at least some of these building blocks.
艺术的七元素是任何艺术作品中的基本成分。可以把它们看作你的视觉字母表。掌握它们是创作有力图像的第一步。你创作的每一件作品都会至少用到其中一些构成要素。
- Line – A mark with length and direction. It can be straight, curved, thick, thin, zigzag or wavy. Lines create outlines, movement and texture.
- 线条 – 具有长度和方向的标记。可以是直线、曲线、粗线、细线、锯齿线或波浪线。线条可以勾勒轮廓、表现动感和质感。
- Shape – A flat, enclosed area. Shapes are 2D (two-dimensional) and can be geometric (squares, circles) or organic (free-form, natural).
- 形状 – 平面封闭的区域。形状是二维的，可以是几何的（正方形、圆形）或有机的（自由形态、自然形）。
- Colour – Produced when light reflects off an object. Colour has three properties: hue (name of colour), value (lightness or darkness) and intensity (brightness or dullness).
- 色彩 – 光线从物体反射时产生。色彩有三个属性：色相（颜色的名称）、明度（明亮或黑暗）和纯度（鲜艳或暗淡）。
- Value – The lightness or darkness of a colour. Value creates depth and volume. A value scale goes from white to black through all the greys.
- 明暗 – 颜色的明亮或黑暗程度。明暗创造深度和体积。明度等级从白色到黑色，包含所有灰色过渡。
- Texture – How something feels or looks like it would feel. Real texture you can touch; implied texture is drawn or painted to look like a surface quality (rough, smooth, furry).
- 质感 – 某物感觉或看起来会有的触感。真实质感可以触摸；视觉质感通过画或涂来表现表面特征（粗糙、光滑、毛茸茸）。
- Space – The area around, between or within objects. Positive space is the subject; negative space is the empty area around it. Techniques like overlapping, size variation and placement create the illusion of depth.
- 空间 – 物体周围、之间或内部的区域。正空间是主体；负空间是周围的空白区域。重叠、大小变化和放置等技巧可营造深度错觉。
- Form – A three-dimensional object that has height, width and depth. Forms can be geometric (cube, sphere) or organic (a sculpture of a leaf). In 2D art, shading turns a shape into a form.
- 形体 – 具有高度、宽度和深度的三维物体。形体可以是几何的（立方体、球体）或有机的（一片叶子的雕塑）。在二维艺术中，通过明暗处理，形状可以变成形体。
2. The Principles of Design Formula | 设计原则公式
The principles of design are how you organise the elements of art. Like a recipe, they tell you what to do with your ingredients to make the final artwork balanced, exciting or calming. Apply these principles to guide the viewer’s eye.
设计原则是你组织艺术元素的方式。就像食谱一样，它们告诉你要如何处理原料，使最终作品达到平衡、激动人心或宁静的效果。运用这些原则引导观众的视线。
- Balance – The distribution of visual weight. Symmetrical balance is like a mirror image; asymmetrical balance uses different objects that have equal visual weight. Radial balance spreads out from a central point.
- 平衡 – 视觉重量的分配。对称平衡如同镜像；不对称平衡用不同的物体达到相同的视觉重量。放射状平衡从一个中心点向外展开。
- Contrast – Using opposites to create interest. Light vs dark, rough vs smooth, large vs small. High contrast draws attention and creates focal points.
- 对比 – 利用对立面创造趣味。亮与暗、粗糙与光滑、大与小。高对比吸引注意力并创造焦点。
- Emphasis – Making one part stand out. This is often achieved through contrast, placement in the centre, or isolation. The focal point is where the artist wants you to look first.
- 强调 – 让某一部分脱颖而出。通常通过对比、放置中心或孤立来实现。焦点是艺术家希望你第一眼看到的地方。
- Movement – The path the viewer’s eye takes. Artists use lines, edges, shapes and colours to guide attention around the composition. Repetition and rhythm also create a sense of motion.
- 动感 – 观众视线移动的路径。艺术家用线条、边缘、形状和色彩引导注意力在构图中游走。重复和节奏也会创造出运动感。
- Pattern – A repeating arrangement of shapes, lines or colours. Patterns can be planned and regular, or random and organic. They add decoration and rhythm.
- 图案 – 形状、线条或色彩的重复排列。图案可以是有计划的、规整的，也可以是随机的、有机的。它们增添装饰性和节奏感。
- Rhythm – Created when elements are repeated with variation. Like music, visual rhythm can be regular, flowing or progressive. It gives a sense of organised movement.
- 节奏 – 元素有变化地重复时形成。和音乐一样，视觉节奏可以是规律的、流动的或渐进的。它带来有组织的运动感。
- Unity – All parts of the artwork feel like they belong together. Unity is achieved by repeating colours, shapes or textures, or by keeping a consistent style. A unified piece feels complete and harmonious.
- 统一 – 艺术品的所有部分感觉是一体的。通过重复颜色、形状或质感，或保持风格一致来实现统一。统一的作品感觉完整而和谐。
3. The Colour Wheel Formula | 色轮公式
The colour wheel is a circular chart that shows relationships between colours. Once you memorise it, mixing colours becomes easy. The wheel is based on three groups: primary, secondary and tertiary colours.
色轮是展示颜色之间关系的圆形图表。一旦你记住它，调色就会变得容易。色轮基于三个组别：原色、间色和复色。
| Primary Colours – Red, yellow, blue. These cannot be made by mixing other colours. | 原色 – 红、黄、蓝。它们无法通过混合其他颜色得到。 |
| Secondary Colours – Orange (red + yellow), green (yellow + blue), purple (blue + red). Made by mixing two primary colours equally. | 间色 – 橙（红+黄）、绿（黄+蓝）、紫（蓝+红）。通过等量混合两种原色得到。 |
| Tertiary Colours – Mixing a primary with a neighbouring secondary, e.g. red-orange, yellow-green, blue-purple. | 复色 – 原色与相邻间色混合，例如红橙、黄绿、蓝紫。 |
4. The Colour Harmony Formulas | 色彩和谐公式
Colour harmonies are preset combinations that please the eye. Artists use them to create mood and balance. Here are the key harmonies to know.
色彩和谐是取悦眼睛的预设组合。艺术家利用它们创造情绪和平衡。以下是需要了解的关键和谐类型。
- Complementary Colours – Opposite on the wheel (red & green, blue & orange, yellow & purple). High contrast and vibrant. When mixed, they make browns and greys.
- 互补色 – 色轮上相对的颜色（红与绿、蓝与橙、黄与紫）。对比强烈且充满活力。当混合时，会产生棕色和灰色。
- Analogous Colours – Colours that sit next to each other on the wheel (e.g. yellow, yellow-green, green). They create calm, unified designs. Often one colour dominates.
- 类似色 – 色轮上相邻的颜色（如黄、黄绿、绿）。它们营造出平静、统一的设计。通常一种颜色占主导。
- Triadic Colours – Three colours evenly spaced on the wheel (red, yellow, blue; or orange, green, purple). Offer strong contrast while keeping balance. Best used with one dominant and two accents.
- 三等分色 – 色轮上均匀分布的三种颜色（红、黄、蓝；或橙、绿、紫）。在保持平衡的同时提供强烈对比。最好以一种为主色，另外两种作点缀。
- Warm and Cool Colours – Warm colours (red, orange, yellow) advance and feel energetic. Cool colours (blue, green, purple) recede and feel calm. Use this to create depth or emotional effect.
- 暖色与冷色 – 暖色（红、橙、黄）前进，感觉充满活力。冷色（蓝、绿、紫）后退，感觉平静。利用这一点创造深度或情感效果。
5. The Tint, Shade and Tone Formula | 明暗色调公式
Changing a pure colour is essential for painting and drawing realistically. These three simple adjustments expand your palette dramatically without buying more paint.
改变纯色对写实绘画至关重要。这三种简单的调整可以极大地扩展你的调色板，而无需购买更多颜料。
- Tint r + white. Makes a colour lighter, often used for highlights. Example: pink (red + white).
- 浅色调 = 颜色 + 白色。使颜色变亮，常用于高光。例如：粉红（红 + 白）。
- Shade = colour + black. Makes a colour darker, used for shadows. Example: navy (blue + black).
- 深色调 = 颜色 + 黑色。使颜色变暗，用于阴影。例如：深蓝（蓝 + 黑）。
- Tone es the intensity without changing the lightness or darkness too much. Creates more natural, muted colours.
- 中间调 = 颜色 + 灰色（黑 + 白）。在不大幅改变明度的情况下降低纯度。创造更自然、柔和的颜色。
6. The Basic Perspective Formulas | 基本透视公式
Perspective creates the illusion of depth on a flat surface. The same rules apply whether you are drawing a street scene or a still life. Here are the one-point perspective steps.
透视在平面上营造深度错觉。无论你画的是街景还是静物，规则都是相同的。以下是一点透视的步骤。
- Horizon line – A horizontal line across the picture at the viewer’s eye level. Vanishing points sit on this line.
- 水平线 – 画面中与观者视线齐平的一条水平线。消失点位于此线上。
- Vanishing point – The spot on the horizon where parallel lines appear to meet. In one-point perspective, there is one vanishing point directly in front of the viewer.
- 消失点 – 水平线上平行线条似乎汇聚的点。在一点透视中，观者正前方有一个消失点。
- Orthogonal lines – Diagonal lines that recede from the edges of objects to the vanishing point. They create the sides of roads, buildings or boxes.
- 正交线 – 从物体边缘向消失点后退的对角线。它们塑造出道路、建筑或盒子的侧面。
- Objects further away appear smaller, so draw them closer to the vanishing point. Objects in front are larger and lower on the page.
- 较远的物体显得更小，所以将它们画在靠近消失点处。前面的物体更大，且在画面上位置较低。
7. The Human Face Proportion Formula | 人物面部比例公式
When drawing portraits, use this simple proportion formula to place features correctly. The head is roughly an upside-down egg shape. These general guidelines help you avoid common mistakes.
画肖像时，使用这个简单的比例公式可以正确放置五官。头部大致是倒置的鸡蛋形。以下通用指南帮助你避免常见错误。
- Eyes are positioned halfway between the top of the head and the chin. The face can be divided into three equal horizontal sections: hairline to eyebrows, eyebrows to bottom of nose, bottom of nose to chin.
- 眼睛位于头顶到下巴的中间位置。脸部可以水平分为三等份：发际线到眉毛、眉毛到鼻底、鼻底到下巴。
- The width of an eye equals the space between the two eyes. There is about one eye-width space on each side of the head to the ears.
- 一只眼睛的宽度等于两眼之间的距离。头部两侧到耳朵的距离大约也是一个眼宽。
- The corners of the mouth align with the pupils when looking straight ahead. The ears line up with the eyebrow and the bottom of the nose.
- 嘴角与直视前方的瞳孔对齐。耳朵的上下位置与眉毛和鼻底齐平。
- The neck starts behind the ears and slopes slightly outward to the shoulders.
- 脖子从耳朵后方开始，略微向外倾斜延伸到肩部。
8. The Shading and Mark-Making Formulas | 明暗与笔触公式
Shading turns a flat shape into a 3D form. Different mark-making techniques produce different textures and tonal effects. Practise these regularly.
明暗处理将平面形状转化为三维形体。不同的笔触技巧产生不同的质感和明暗效果。经常练习这些技巧。
- Hatching – Parallel lines drawn close together. The closer the lines, the darker the value.
- 排线法 – 紧密排列的平行线条。线条越密，色调越深。
- Cross-hatching – Layers of hatching at different angles. Great for building deeper shadows and texture.
- 交叉排线法 – 不同角度的排线叠加。非常适合营造更深的阴影和质感。
- Stippling – Using dots. More dots clustered together create darkness; fewer dots leave lighter areas.
- 点画法 – 用点作画。点聚集得多形成暗部，点少则保留亮部。
- Blending – Softening pencil or pastel marks with a stump, tissue or finger to create smooth gradients.
- 揉擦法 – 用纸擦笔、纸巾或手指柔化铅笔或色粉笔痕迹，创造平滑渐变。
- Scumbling – Small, scribbled circular marks. Builds a soft, fuzzy texture and is useful for foliage or hair.
- 涂圈法 – 细小的涂鸦式圆形笔触。营造柔和蓬松的质感，适用于树叶或头发。
9. The Colour Mixing Formula for Browns and Blacks | 棕色与黑色调配公式
In Year 7, you often need to mix earthy or dark colours without buying a tube of brown or black paint. This formula gives you excellent results and makes your shadows feel rich and alive.
在 Year 7，你经常需要调配土色或深色，而不必买一管棕色或黑色颜料。这个公式能带来出色的效果，让你的阴影显得丰富生动。
- Brown yellow + blue). Adjust by adding more red for a warmer brown, or more blue for a cooler brown. Another reliable brown: orange + a little blue, or purple + yellow.
- 棕色 = 混合全部三种原色（红 + 黄 + 蓝）。添加更多红色调出偏暖的棕色，更多蓝色调出偏冷的棕色。另一种可靠棕调：橙 + 少量蓝，或紫 + 黄。
- Chromatic Black – Instead of using black from a tube, mix equal parts of dark blue (like ultramarine) and a dark brown (like burnt umber) for a black that has depth. You can also mix alizarin crimson + viridian green for a near-black hue. This keeps your painting from looking flat.
- 复合黑色 – 不仅用管装黑色，可以用等量的深蓝（如群青）和深棕（如熟赭）调出有深度的黑色。也可以混合深红 + 翠绿得到近黑色调。这能避免作品看起来平板。
- Greys – Black + white is a flat grey. A more interesting grey comes from mixing complementary colours (e.g. orange + blue, purple + yellow) and then lightening with white. These greys have a subtle colour bias.
- 灰色 – 黑 + 白是平淡的灰色。更有趣的灰色来自混合互补色（如橙 + 蓝，紫 + 黄）然后用白色提亮。这些灰色带有微妙的色彩倾向。
10. The Composition Grid Formulas | 构图网格公式
Composition is how you arrange elements within the picture frame. Using a grid formula helps you place your focal point and balance the artwork without guesswork.
构图是你在画面框内安排元素的方式。使用网格公式可以帮助你放置焦点并平衡作品，无需猜测。
- Rule of Thirds – Divide the frame into nine equal rectangles with two horizontal and two vertical lines. Place the most important subject where lines intersect. This creates tension and energy; avoid placing the subject dead centre.
- 三分法 – 用两条水平线和两条垂直线将画面分成九个等大矩形。将最重要的主体放在线条交叉点上。这能营造张力和活力；避免将主体放在正中央。
- Leading Lines – Use actual or implied lines (a road, a fence, a pointed finger) to direct the viewer’s eye toward the focal point. These lines often start from the edges.
- 引导线 – 用实际或隐含的线条（道路、篱笆、手指指向）将观众视线引导至焦点。这些线条通常从画面边缘开始。
- Symmetrical Balance – A central axis with mirrored elements on both sides. Gives a formal, calm, orderly feeling. Works for portraits, architecture and mandalas.
- 对称平衡 – 中心轴，两侧元素镜像对称。给人庄重、平静、有序的感觉。适用于肖像、建筑和曼荼罗。
- Triangular Composition – Arranging key elements to form a triangle. This creates stability and directs the eye around the composition. The base of the triangle is often along the bottom.
- 三角形构图 – 将关键元素排列成三角形。这创造稳定感，并引导视线围绕构图移动。三角形底边通常沿画面底边。
11. The Media and Techniques Quick Reference | 媒材与技法速查
Different art media have their own 'rules' for best results. Understanding these will help you choose the right material and work confidently.
不同的艺术媒材有其各自的“规则”以达到最佳效果。了解这些将帮助你选择合适的材料并自信创作。
- Graphite Pencil – Build up lightly with a hard pencil (H) for outlines, use a soft pencil (B) for dark shading. Blend with a stump, not fingers, to avoid smudging skin oils.
- 石墨铅笔 – 用硬铅笔（H）轻轻地绘制轮廓，用软铅笔（B）表现深色阴影。用纸擦笔而非手指揉擦，避免皮肤油脂弄脏画面。
- Coloured Pencil – Layer colours lightly to mix on paper. Use a white pencil to blend and soften edges. Burnish (pressing hard) with a light colour last to create a shiny, smooth finish.
- 彩色铅笔 – 在纸上轻轻叠色以混合。用白色彩铅柔和边缘与过渡。最后用浅色用力打光（抛光）来创造光亮平滑的完成效果。
- Watercolour – Work from light to dark (transparent layers). Preserve white areas by painting around them or using masking fluid. Wet-on-wet (damp paper) creates soft blends; wet-on-dry creates sharp edges.
- 水彩 – 从浅到深分层处理（透明叠加）。通过在周围着色或使用留白液保留白色区域。湿画法（湿纸）创造柔和过渡；干画法（湿笔干纸）能刻画出清晰边缘。
- Acrylic Paint – Acrylics dry quickly, so blend fast. Paint from dark to light (opposite of watercolour) because acrylic is opaque. Thin with water for washes; use straight from tube for thick texture.
- 丙烯颜料 – 丙烯干得快，所以要迅速调合。因其不透明性，一般由深至浅作画（与水彩相反）。加水稀释可作薄涂层；直接从管中取用可造厚实质感。
12. The Art Vocabulary Formula for Annotations | 作品评注艺术词汇公式
When you annotate your own work or analyse artists, use this structured vocabulary to describe, analyse and evaluate. It’s your artist’s speaking formula.
当你为自己的作品写评注或分析艺术家时，运用这些结构化的词汇进行描述、分析和评价。这是你的艺术家表达公式。
- Describe – State exactly what you see. Use words related to elements: "The painting has bold, diagonal lines and a complementary colour scheme of blue and orange."
- 描述 – 准确说出你所见的。使用与元素相关的词汇：“这幅画有大胆的对角线，并运用了蓝橙互补色方案。”
- Analyse – Explain how the elements and principles are used. "The artist creates emphasis through high contrast between the dark background and the bright, central figure. The rough texture is achieved with thick, impasto brushstrokes."
- 分析 – 解释元素和原则如何被运用。“艺术家通过暗背景与明亮中心人物之间的高对比来制造强调。粗糙的质感通过厚重的厚涂笔触实现。”
- Evaluate – Give your own opinion and back it up. "I think the composition is effective because the diagonal lines lead my eye directly to the focal point, creating a sense of movement and drama."
- 评价 – 给出你的个人观点并加以论证。“我认为该构图很有效，因为对角线直接引导我的视线到达焦点，营造出一种动感和戏剧性。”
- Use sentence starters: "I notice...", "I wonder...", "This reminds me of...", "The artist’s intention might be..."
- 使用句子开头模板：“我注意到……”“我想知道……”“这让我想起……”“艺术家的意图可能是……”
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