📚 Year 7 AQA Philosophy: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 7 AQA 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in philosophy starts with learning the key words. This guide breaks down the most important terms for Year 7 AQA Philosophy with simple definitions and memory hooks, so you can recall them quickly in lessons and assessments.
在哲学学习中打下坚实基础，首先要掌握关键词汇。本指南为 Year 7 AQA 哲学拆解最重要的术语，配以简明定义和记忆技巧，帮助你在课堂与考试中快速回想。
1. Core Concepts | 核心概念
Philosophy comes from Greek 'philo-' (love) and 'sophia' (wisdom), meaning love of wisdom. It investigates fundamental questions about reality, knowledge, and values. To remember, think of a philosopher as a wisdom-lover.
哲学 源自希腊语 "philo-" (爱) 和 "sophia" (智慧)，意为爱智慧。它研究关于实在、知识和价值的根本问题。速记：爱智慧，哲学家就是爱智慧的人。
Argument is a set of statements where one or more premises are given to support a conclusion not a quarrel; it is a reasoned chain. Memo trick: A-R-G = Assertions Reasonably Grouped.
论证 是一组陈述，其中一个或多个前提用来支持结论。它不同于争吵，而是一个有理由的逻辑链。记忆诀窍：A-R-G，合理论断组。
Premise is a reason or piece of evidence that supports the conclusion. Think of 'pre-' as 'before' and 'mise' as 'sent' — information sent ahead to build the case.
前提 是支持结论的理由或证据。可以把 "pre-" 想成“之前”，"mise" 想成“送出” — 提前给出的信息用于构建论证。
Conclusion is the statement the premises aim to prove or support. 'Con-' means 'together', and 'clusion' relates to 'closing' — closing the reasoning together into a final claim.
结论 是前提试图证明或支持的陈述。"Con-" 意为“一起”，"clusion" 与“闭合”相关 — 把推理过程收拢成最终主张。
2. Logic and Reasoning | 逻辑与推理
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It checks whether arguments obey strict rules. Associate 'log-' with 'logos' (word, reason) — logic gives order to thought.
逻辑 是研究正确推理的学科。它检查论证是否遵守严格规则。联想 "log-" 与 "logos" (言语，理性) — 逻辑为思维赋予秩序。
Deductive reasoning moves from general rules to specific cases. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. 'De-' means 'down', like a funnel from the wide top to a narrow point.
演绎推理 从一般规则推导个别情况。若前提为真，结论必然为真。"De-" 意为“向下”，如同从宽阔的上部漏斗收紧到一点。
Inductive reasoning draws a general rule from specific observations. The conclusion is probable, not guaranteed. 'In-' suggests 'into', as in piecing together clues from examples.
归纳推理 从个别观察得出一般规则。结论是可能的，但不保证。"In-" 含有“进入”之意，好比从实例中拼合线索。
Fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that weakens an argument. From Latin 'fallacia' (deceit). Keep in mind: a fallacious argument might seem strong but crumbles on closer inspection.
谬误 是推理中的缺陷，会削弱论证。源自拉丁语 "fallacia" (欺骗)。切记：一个包含谬误的论证看似有力，但细查便不堪一击。
3. Epistemology Basics | 认识论基础
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge — it asks what knowledge is and how we acquire it. 'Episteme' meant knowledge in Greek. Think of it as the 'science of knowing'.
认识论 是关于知识的理论——追问什么是知识以及我们如何获得它。"Episteme" 在希腊语中意为知识。可把它想成“关于知道的科学”。
Knowledge is traditionally defined as justified true belief (JTB). You believe something, it is true, and you have good reasons. Remember the initials J-T-B: Justified, True, Belief.
知识 传统上被定义为被证成的真信念 (JTB)。你相信某事，它为真，并且你有充分理由。记住首字母 J-T-B：被证成的、真的、信念。
Belief is accepting a claim as true. It may or may not be backed by evidence. 'Be-' + 'lief' (from 'leave') suggests what you hold onto in your mind.
信念 是把某个主张接受为真。它可能有证据支持，也可能没有。"Be-" + "lief" (来自 "leave") 暗示你心中坚持的东西。
Truth is when a statement matches reality. A classic idea is correspondence: 'It is true that snow is white' matches the real world. Just check if it fits the facts.
真理 是当陈述符合实在。一种经典观念是符合论：“雪是白的”这一陈述符合真实世界。只需检查是否与事实相符。
4. Ethics and Morality | 伦理与道德
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies moral values, right action, and the good life. Derived from Greek 'ethos' (character). Ethics examines the rules we should live by.
伦理学 是哲学分支，研究道德价值、正当行为以及良好生活。源自希腊语 "ethos" (品格)。伦理学审视我们应当遵循的准则。
Morality refers to the principles and standards that distinguish right from wrong in a community. Think 'mores' (customs) — morality grows out of shared habits.
道德 指的是一个社群中区分对错的原则和标准。联想 "mores" (习俗)——道德源于共同习惯。
Utilitarianism is the ethical view that the best action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. 'Utility' means usefulness or pleasure. Shortcut: ‘max happiness’ rule.
功利主义 认为最好的行为就是能为最大多数人创造最大幸福的行为。“效用”意指有用性或快乐。速记：最大化幸福原则。
Deontology argues that actions are right or wrong based on duties and rules, not on outcomes. 'Deon' means duty in Greek. Picture a checklist of duties: lie? forbidden. Keep promises? required.
义务论 主张行为对错取决于义务和规则，而非后果。"Deon" 在希腊语中是义务。想象一张义务清单：撒谎？禁止。遵守承诺？必须做。
5. Metaphysics Essentials | 形而上学要点
Metaphysics explores what exists beyond the physical — time, space, being, and causation. 'Meta-' means beyond, 'physics' the natural world. It literally asks, 'What is reality made of?'
形而上学 探索物理世界之外的存在——时间、空间、存在和因果。"Meta-" 意为超越，"physics" 是自然世界。它追问：“实在由什么构成？”
Reality is the sum of everything that actually exists, as opposed to appearance or illusion. 'Real' comes from Latin 'res' (thing). Reality = the way things truly are.
实在 是实际存在的一切，与表象或幻象相对。"Real" 源自拉丁语 "res" (事物)。实在 = 事物真实的样子。
Existence means the state of having objective being. From Latin 'exsistere' — to stand out or emerge. Something exists if it is part of the world, not just an idea.
存在 指拥有客观存在的状态。源自拉丁语 "exsistere"——站出来、显现。某物若属于世界的一部分，而不仅仅是观念，它就存在。
Identity concerns what makes something the same entity over time, despite changes. Think of the ship that has all its planks replaced — is it still the same ship? Identity puzzles like this sharpen thought.
同一性 关注的是某物尽管经历变化，为何仍是同一个实体。试想一艘船的所有木板都被替换——它还是同一艘船吗？这样的同一性谜题能让思维更敏锐。
6. Philosophy of Mind | 心灵哲学
Mind refers to the set of faculties including thought, perception, emotion, and will. Not just the brain — the subjective experience. 'Mind' may link to 'memory' and 'meaning'.
心灵 指包含思维、感知、情感和意志在内的一系列官能。不止是大脑，还包括主观体验。"Mind" 与记忆 (memory) 和意义 (meaning) 相关。
Consciousness is the state of being aware of oneself and the environment. 'Con-' (with) + 'scire' (to know) — knowing with awareness. It is the 'what it is like' to be you.
意识 是对自身和环境的觉知状态。"Con-" (一同) + "scire" (知道) ——带着觉知地知道。它就是“作为你是什么感受”。
Dualism holds that mind and body are two fundamentally different substances: mental and physical. 'Dual' meaning two. Descartes famously defended this split.
二元论 主张心灵与身体是两种根本不同的实体：精神实体和物理实体。"Dual" 意为二。笛卡尔著名地拥护这种二分。
Physicalism claims that everything, including the mind, is ultimately physical. Consciousness emerges from brain processes. 'Physical' all the way — no ghostly soul stuff.
物理主义 宣称一切事物，包括心灵，最终都是物理的。意识产生于大脑过程。完全是“物理的”——不存在幽灵般的灵魂物质。
7. Political Philosophy | 政治哲学
Justice concerns fairness in the way society distributes goods, rights, and opportunities. From Latin 'iustitia', rooted in 'right'. Many theories ask: what do we owe each other?
公正 关乎社会分配善品、权利和机会的公平性。源自拉丁语 "iustitia"，根植于“正当”。许多理论在追问：我们彼此亏欠什么？
Rights are justified claims or entitlements. Legal rights are granted by a legal system; moral rights are grounded in ethical reasoning. 'Right' as in 'correctly entitled'.
权利 是被证成的应得权益。法定权利由法律制度赋予；道德权利基于伦理推理。正如“你有权……”那样。
Freedom (or liberty) is the power to act, speak, or think without unnecessary constraint. Negative freedom means no interference; positive freedom means having the capacity to achieve your goals.
自由 是行动、言论或思考不受不必要约束的能力。消极自由指没有干涉；积极自由指拥有实现目标的能力。
Equality means people are treated the same in relevant respects, such as moral worth, political say, or opportunity. Not identical, but equally valued. Remember: equal + ity.
平等 意味着人们在道德价值、政治发言权或机会等相关方面受到同等对待。不是完全相同，而是同等尊重。记住：平等，同等加均等。
8. Philosophical Methods | 哲学方法
Critical thinking is the careful, reflective reasoning used to decide what to believe or do. It involves questioning, analysing, and evaluating arguments. 'Critical' from Greek 'kritikos' (able to judge).
批判性思维 是用于决定相信什么或做什么的审慎反思性推理。包括提问、分析和评价论证。"Critical" 来自希腊语 "kritikos" (能判断的)。
Analysis breaks ideas into their component parts to understand structure. 'Ana-' (up) + 'lysis' (loosening) — loosening something up to see how it works.
分析 将观念拆解为组成部分以理解其结构。"Ana-" (向上) + "lysis" (松开) ——松开某物看清其如何运作。
Evaluation judges the strength, significance, or value of an argument or idea. Involves weighing evidence and considering counter-arguments. 'E-' out + 'value' — drawing out worth.
评价 判断一个论证或观点的强度、重要性或价值。涉及权衡证据和考量反方论证。"E-" 出 + "value" 价值 ——引出价值。
Socratic method is a form of cooperative dialogue in which questions are used to stimulate critical thinking and expose underlying assumptions. Named after Socrates, who asked 'What is courage?' and questioned every answer.
苏格拉底方法 是一种合作对话形式，通过提问激发批判性思维并揭露隐含假设。得名于苏格拉底，他追问“什么是勇气？”并对每个答案都提出质疑。
9. Common Fallacies | 常见谬误
Straw man occurs when someone distorts or oversimplifies an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack. Picture attacking a scarecrow instead of the real person. Easy to knock down, but unfair.
稻草人谬误 发生在歪曲或过度简化对方论证，使其更容易攻击时。想象你攻击一个稻草人而非真人。很容易击倒，但不公平。
Ad hominem (Latin: 'to the person') attacks the character or motive of the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself. 'You are wrong because you are mean' is not a valid reason.
人身攻击 (拉丁语：“针对人”) 是攻击提出论证者的品格或动机，而非论证本身。“你错因你刻薄”不是有效理由。
False dilemma (or false dichotomy) presents only two options when more exist. 'Either you love your country or you hate it' ignores intermediate positions. Watch for 'either/or' traps.
假两难 (或虚假二分) 只给出两个选项，而事实上有更多。“你要么爱国，要么恨国”忽略了中间立场。警惕“要么/要么”陷阱。
Begging the question (circular reasoning) assumes the conclusion within the premise. Example: 'Reading is fun because it is enjoyable.' The word 'enjoyable' just repeats 'fun'. No real evidence is provided.
循环论证 (乞题) 在前提中假定了结论。例如：“阅读很有趣，因为它使人愉快。”“愉快”只是重复了“有趣”，没有提供真正的根据。
10. Key Thinkers | 重要思想象
Socrates (469–399 BCE) used relentless questioning to uncover truth. He claimed to know nothing except his own ignorance. His motto: 'The unexamined life is not worth living.' Remember: Socratic questioning never stops.
苏格拉底 (公元前469–399) 通过不断提问来探寻真理。他声称除了自己的无知之外一无所知。他的格言：“未经审视的人生不值得过。”记住：苏格拉底式追问永无止境。
Plato (427–347 BCE), pupil of Socrates, proposed a world of perfect Forms or Ideas beyond the physical realm. For him, the chair we see is just a shadow of the ideal Chair. Recall: Plato's perfect blueprints.
柏拉图 (公元前427–347)，苏格拉底的学生，提出了超越物理世界的完美理型或理念世界。在他看来，我们看到的椅子只是理想椅子的影子。回忆：柏拉图的完美蓝图。
Aristotle (384–322 BCE), student of Plato, emphasised observation and logic. He introduced the Golden Mean — virtue lies between extremes. For example, courage is the mean between cowardice and recklessness.
亚里士多德 (公元前384–322)，柏拉图的学生，强调观察和逻辑。他提出了中庸之道——德性处于两个极端之间。例如，勇敢是怯懦与鲁莽之间的中道。
René Descartes (1596–1650) is famous for 'I think, therefore I am' (Cogito, ergo sum). He doubted everything until he found the one certainty: his own thinking existence. The Cogito is the foundation of knowledge.
勒内·笛卡尔 (1596–1650) 以“我思，故我在”闻名。他怀疑一切，直至找到一个确定性：他自己思维的存在。这个“我思”是知识的基础。
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