📚 Year 7 AQA Chinese: Quick-Reference Handbook of Formulas and Rules | 七年级 AQA 中文：公式定理速查手册
This handbook provides Year 7 students studying AQA Chinese with a compact set of essential linguistic 'formulas' and 'theorems' — just like the key rules you would memorise in maths or science. Each rule is presented in a clear, logical format, with English explanations followed by Chinese example sentences, so that you can quickly look up how to build syllables, write characters, form sentences and use grammatical patterns accurately.
本手册为学习 AQA 中文的七年级学生提供了一套简洁而重要的语言‘公式’与‘定理’，就像你们在数学或科学课上需要记住的关键规则一样。每条规则都以清晰、有逻辑的方式呈现，先给出英文解释，再辅以中文例句，方便你快速查阅如何拼读音节、书写汉字、造句以及正确运用语法结构。
1. Pinyin Syllable Formula | 拼音音节构成公式
Formula: Initial + Final + Tone = Pinyin Syllable
公式：声母 + 韵母 + 声调 = 一个拼音音节
A complete pinyin syllable almost always consists of an initial consonant (声母), a final vowel or vowel cluster (韵母), and a tone mark. If there is no initial, the final alone carries the tone, as in 'Yī' (one), where 'Y' is a semi-vowel initial added for spelling.
一个完整的拼音音节几乎总是由一个声母（辅音开头的部分）、一个韵母（元音或元音组合）和一个声调符号组成。如果没有声母，则由韵母单独承载声调，例如‘yī’（一），这里的‘y’是为了拼写方便而加的半元音声母。
- Example: mā = initial 'm' + final 'a' + 1st tone → 妈 (mother)
- 示例：mā = 声母 m + 韵母 a + 一声 → 妈
- Example: bái = initial 'b' + final 'ai' + 2nd tone → 白 (white)
- 示例：bái = 声母 b + 韵母 ai + 二声 → 白
Always remember the tone mark is written above the main vowel. The rule for which vowel gets the mark follows a simple order: a, o, e, i, u, ü. In 'iu' and 'ui', the mark goes on the last vowel.
永远记住声调符号要标在主要元音上方。确定哪个元音获得标记的规则遵循一个简单的顺序：a, o, e, i, u, ü。在‘iu’和‘ui’中，声调符号标在最后一个元音上。
2. Tone Sandhi Theorem | 声调变调定理
Theorem: Third tone (ˇ) becomes second tone (ˊ) when followed by another third tone in a word or phrase.
定理：在词语或短语中，当两个第三声（ˇ）相连时，前一个第三声变为第二声（ˊ）。
In natural speech, the dipping contour of the 3rd tone is not fully pronounced when it occurs before another 3rd tone. Instead it rises like the 2nd tone, although the written tone mark remains unchanged.
在自然语流中，当第三声出现在另一个第三声之前时，它的低降升调型不会完全发出，而是像第二声那样上升，但书写时的声调符号保持不变。
- nǐ hǎo is actually pronounced as ní hǎo (你好 hello).
- ‘nǐ hǎo’ 的实际发音类似于 ‘ní hǎo’。
- hěn gāo (很+高) does not trigger sandhi because the second syllable is 1st tone, not 3rd.
- ‘hěn gāo’（很+高）不会引发变调，因为第二个字是第一声，不是第三声。
Additionally, the character 不 (bù) changes to 2nd tone (bú) when followed by another 4th tone, as in 不是 (bú shì).
此外，‘不’（bù）在另一个第四声字之前时变为第二声（bú），例如‘不是’读作 bú shì。
3. Stroke Order Axiom | 汉字笔画顺序公理
Axiom: Every character follows a defined stroke order sequence — top before bottom, left before right, horizontal before vertical, inside before closing.
公理：每个汉字都遵循既定的笔顺——先上后下，先左后右，先横后竖，先内后封口。
Correct stroke order ensures legibility, helps you write faster, and is essential for digital handwriting recognition. The basic rules are applied cumulatively, and exceptions are rare at Year 7 level.
正确的笔顺能保证字迹清晰、帮你写得更快，而且对数字手写识别至关重要。几条基本规则可以叠加使用，在七年级阶段极少遇到例外。
| Rule (规则) | Example (例子) |
|---|---|
| 1. Top before bottom | 三 (sān): top horizontal → middle → bottom |
| 2. Left before right | 你 (nǐ): 亻 (left side) then '尔' (right side) |
| 3. Horizontal then vertical | 十 (shí): horizontal line first, then vertical |
| 4. Inside before closing | 日 (rì): write inside 口 first, then close the bottom |
When in doubt, check a reliable character dictionary; many show a small stroke-order diagram for every entry.
如有疑问，请查阅可靠的汉字字典；很多字典会在每个字条中附上笔顺小图示。
4. Character Structure Equation | 汉字结构方程式
Equation: Radical (部首) + Phonetic Component (声旁) = Phono-semantic Compound Character
方程式：部首 + 声旁 = 形声字
Around 80% of modern Chinese characters are phono-semantic compounds. The radical gives a clue to the meaning category, while the phonetic component hints at the pronunciation.
大约 80% 的现代汉字是形声字。部首提供意义类别的线索，而声旁则暗示读音。
- 妈 (mā): radical 女 (woman) + phonetic 马 (mǎ) → mother. Note the tone does not have to match exactly.
- 妈 (mā)：部首‘女’ + 声旁‘马’ (mǎ) → 母亲。注意声调不必完全一致。
- 清 (qīng): radical 氵 (water) + phonetic 青 (qīng) → clear, pure. Here both meaning and sound align beautifully.
- 清 (qīng)：部首‘氵’（水）+ 声旁‘青’ (qīng) → 清澈、纯净。这里意义和读音完美匹配。
At Year 7, recognising the most common radicals — 口 (mouth), 木 (tree/wood), 金 (metal/gold), 火 (fire), 人 (person), 女 (female) — will accelerate your vocabulary building dramatically.
在七年级阶段，识别最常见的部首——口、木、钅（金）、火、亻（人）、女——将会极大加快你积累词汇的速度。
5. Basic Sentence Theorem | 基本句型定理
Theorem: Subject + Verb + Object (SVO) forms the core of most Chinese sentences.
定理：主语 + 动词 + 宾语（SVO 语序）构成了大多数中文句子的核心。
Chinese word order is relatively fixed and closely mirrors English SVO order for simple statements. This is a great help for Year 7 learners because you can often translate word-for-word at the basic level.
中文的语序相对固定，在简单的陈述句中与英语的 SVO 语序非常相似。这对七年级学生来说很有帮助，因为在基础层面上你常常可以逐字翻译。
- 我爱妈妈。(Wǒ ài māma.) — I love mum.
- 他看报纸。(Tā kàn bàozhǐ.) — He reads newspapers.
However, time expressions and other adverbial elements usually come before the verb, which is different from English.
但时间状语和其他副词成分通常放在动词之前，这一点与英语不同。
6. Question Formation Formula | 疑问句构成公式
Formula 1 (Yes/No): Statement + 吗 (ma) → Yes/No question
公式 1（一般疑问句）：陈述句 + 吗 → 是非问句
Adding the particle 吗 to the end of a declarative sentence turns it into a yes/no question. No change in word order is needed.
在陈述句末尾加上语气词‘吗’，就能将它变成一个是非问句，无需改变语序。
- 你是学生。(Nǐ shì xuésheng.) → 你是学生吗？(Are you a student?)
- 他喜欢足球。(Tā xǐhuān zúqiú.) → 他喜欢足球吗？(Does he like football?)
Formula 2 (Wh-questions): Question word replaces the unknown element, word order unchanged
公式 2（特指疑问句）：疑问词替代未知信息，语序保持不变
Unlike English, where question words often move to the front, Chinese keeps the question word exactly where the answer would go.
与英语不同，英语的疑问词经常要移到句首，而中文是将疑问词保留在答案原本的位置。
- 什么 (shénme) what: 你叫什么名字？(What is your name? — literally: You are called what name?)
- 谁 (shuí) who: 他是谁？(Who is he?)
- 哪儿/哪里 (nǎr/nǎlǐ) where: 学校在哪儿？(Where is the school?)
7. Possessive '的' Law | 助词‘的’使用定律
Law: Noun/Pronoun + 的 (de) + Noun → possessive or descriptive attribute
定律：名词 / 代词 + 的 + 名词 → 表示所属或描述性修饰
的 is the most versatile particle in Chinese for linking a modifier to a noun. It works like apostrophe-s or 'of' in English, but can also connect adjectival phrases.
‘的’是中文里用途最广的助词，用来将修饰语与名词连接起来。它类似英语中的撇号 s 或 ‘of’，但也可以连接形容词性短语。
- 我的书 (wǒ de shū) — my book
- 学校的图书馆 (xuéxiào de túshūguǎn) — the school’s library
- 红色的花 (hóngsè de huā) — red flower (the 的 can be omitted with monosyllabic adjectives before a noun: 红花 is also correct)
When the noun after 的 is obvious from context, you can drop it: 这是我的。(Zhè shì wǒ de.) — This is mine.
当‘的’后面的名词根据上下文是显而易见的时，可以省略该名词：这是我的。——意思是‘这是我的（东西）’。
8. Measure Word Theorem | 量词搭配定理
Theorem: Numeral + Measure Word + Noun forms a correct noun phrase.
定理：数词 + 量词 + 名词构成正确的名词短语。
In Chinese, numbers cannot be placed directly before a noun; they require a measure word that fits the category of the noun. This is a big difference from English, and many Year 7 errors stem from forgetting the measure word.
中文里，数词不能直接放在名词前面，必须使用一个与名词类别相匹配的量词。这是与英语的一大不同点，七年级的很多错误都源于漏掉了量词。
- 一个苹果 (yī gè píngguǒ) — one apple (个 is the all-purpose measure word for people and many objects)
- 两本书 (liǎng běn shū) — two books (本 for bound items like books, notebooks)
- 三只猫 (sān zhī māo) — three cats (只 for animals, certain body parts, small objects)
- 一张纸 (yī zhāng zhǐ) — one sheet of paper (张 for flat objects like paper, tables, maps)
For Year 7, focus on mastering: 个 (gè), 本 (běn), 只 (zhī), 张 (zhāng), 把 (bǎ), and 条 (tiáo).
对于七年级，重点掌握：个、本、只、张、把、条这六个量词。
9. Negation Rule | 否定规则
Rule 1 (General negation): 不 (bù) + Verb → negates present or future actions and states
规则 1（一般否定）：不 + 动词 → 否定现在或将来的动作和状态
不 is the default negator for most verbs and adjectives. It precedes the verb and does not require an auxiliary like 'do' in English.
‘不’是大多数动词和形容词的默认否定词。它直接放在动词前面，不需要像英语那样加上助动词‘do’。
- 我不是老师。(Wǒ bú shì lǎoshī.) — I am not a teacher. (Note tone change: bù → bú before 4th tone)
- 他不喜欢苹果。(Tā bù xǐhuān píngguǒ.) — He does not like apples.
Rule 2 (Past or completed negation): 没 (méi) + Verb → negates past actions or the completion of an action
规则 2（过去或完成否定）：没 + 动词 → 否定过去的动作或动作的完成
没 is used to deny that an action happened or has been completed. With 有 (yǒu, to have), always use 没 to say 'do not have': 没有 (méiyǒu). Never use 不有.
‘没’用于否定动作的发生或完成。与‘有’连用时，一定要用‘没’来表示‘没有’，绝不能说‘不有’。
- 他没吃饭。(Tā méi chī fàn.) — He didn't eat. / He hasn't eaten.
- 我没有弟弟。(Wǒ méiyǒu dìdi.) — I don't have a younger brother.
10. Time Adverbial Position Principle | 时间状语位置原则
Principle: Subject + Time Word + Verb + Object (STVO)
原则：主语 + 时间词 + 动词 + 宾语
Unlike English, where time phrases can flexibly appear at the beginning or end, Chinese strongly prefers placing time expressions right after the subject and before the verb. This is a signature feature of natural Chinese word order.
与英语不同，英语的时间短语可以灵活地放在句首或句末，而中文强烈倾向于将时间状语放在主语之后、动词之前。这一特点是地道中文语序的标志。
- 我每天看电视。(Wǒ měitiān kàn diànshì.) — I watch TV every day. (Literally: I every day watch TV.)
- 他星期天去公园。(Tā xīngqītiān qù gōngyuán.) — He goes to the park on Sundays.
re are multiple time words, the larger unit comes first: Year → Month → Day → Part of day: 我2025年五月五号上午去学校。
如果有多个时间词，大单位在前：年 → 月 → 日 → 时段，例如：‘我2025年五月五号上午去学校。’
11. The '是' Equation | ‘是’字方程式
Equation: Noun A + 是 (shì) + Noun B → A = B (equivalence or classification)
方程式：名词 A + 是 + 名词 B → A 等于 B（表示等同或归类）
The verb 是 acts like an equals sign in mathematics. It connects two noun phrases to express identity, profession, nationality, or description by category. Unlike English 'to be', 是 is not used before adjectives.
动词‘是’就像数学中的等号。它连接两个名词性短语，表示身份、职业、国籍或按类别的描述。与英语的‘to be’不同，‘是’不能直接用在形容词前面。
- 我是英国人。(Wǒ shì Yīngguó rén.) — I am British.
- 他是老师。(Tā shì lǎoshī.) — He is a teacher.
- 这不是我的。(Zhè bú shì wǒ de.) — This is not mine.
Never use 是 with adjectives alone. 他是高 is incorrect. The correct pattern is Subject + Adverb + Adjective, e.g., 他很高 (tā hěn gāo).
千万不能把‘是’单独与形容词连用。‘他是高’是错误的。正确的句式是‘主语 + 程度副词 + 形容词’，例如‘他很高’。
12. Adjectival Predicate Theorem | 形容词谓语句定理
Theorem: Subject + 很 (hěn) + Adjective forms a natural descriptive sentence (where 很 often carries little 'very' meaning).
定理：主语 + 很 + 形容词构成一个自然的描述性句子（这里的‘很’往往没有强烈的‘非常’含义）。
In Chinese, a bare adjective cannot directly follow the subject without some degree modifier. The modifier 很 is the default filler to make the sentence grammatical, even if you only mean 'is ADJ' rather than 'is very ADJ'.
在中文里，一个光秃秃的形容词不能直接跟在主语后面，必须加上某种程度修饰语。‘很’就是用来使句子语法通顺的默认填充词，即使你只想表达‘是……的’而非‘非常……’。
- 妈妈很忙。(Māma hěn máng.) — Mum is busy. (Not necessarily 'very busy', just busy.)
- 这本词典很好。(Zhè běn cídiǎn hěn hǎo.) — This dictionary is good.
For negation, replace 很 with 不: 妈妈不忙。(Māma bù máng.) — Mum is not busy.
如果要表示否定，用‘不’替换‘很’：妈妈不忙。——妈妈不忙。
If you truly want to say 'very', add 非常 (fēicháng) or 真 (zhēn) before the adjective: 他非常高。(Tā fēicháng gāo.) — He is very tall.
如果你真的想说‘非常’，可在形容词前加上‘非常’或‘真’：他非常高。——他非常高。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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