📚 Year 7 AQA Computer Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 7 AQA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary is the first step to success in AQA GCSE Computer Science. This guide provides a rapid revision of essential terms, complete with memory aids to help you recall them quickly for your Year 7 assessments. All definitions are aligned with the AQA specification and presented in a clear, bilingual format for easy memorisation.
掌握关键词汇是在 AQA GCSE 计算机科学中取得成功的第一步。本指南提供了核心术语的快速复习，并配以记忆辅助，帮助你快速回忆起这些术语，迎战 Year 7 的评估。所有定义均与 AQA 大纲对齐，并以清晰的双语格式呈现，便于记忆。
1. Core Concepts: Algorithms & Computational Thinking | 核心概念：算法与计算思维
Computational Thinking – The process of breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts using three key techniques: decomposition, pattern recognition, and abstraction. It is the foundation of all problem-solving in computer science.
计算思维 – 利用分解、模式识别和抽象这三个关键技术，将复杂问题拆解为更小、可管理部分的过程。它是计算机科学中所有问题解决的基础。
Decomposition – Breaking a problem down into smaller sub-problems so that each part can be solved individually. For example, planning a school trip can be decomposed into transport, food, and activities.
分解 – 将一个问题拆分成更小的子问题，以便各个击破。例如，规划一次学校旅行可以分解为交通、饮食和活动。
Pattern Recognition – Spotting similarities, trends, or common characteristics in problems to draw on known solutions. It helps to avoid reinventing the wheel every time.
模式识别 – 在问题中发现相似性、趋势或共同特征，以借鉴已知的解决方案。这有助于避免每次都重新发明轮子。
Abstraction – Filtering out unnecessary details to focus on what is important. A tube map hides real distances and only shows stations and connections—this is a perfect example of abstraction.
抽象 – 过滤掉不必要的细节，只关注重要的部分。地铁图隐藏了真实距离，只显示站点和连接——这就是抽象的完美例子。
Algorithm – A step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. Think of it like a recipe or a set of LEGO building instructions.
算法 – 用于解决问题或完成任务的一组逐步指令。它可以被想象成一份食谱，或一套乐高拼装说明书。
Pseudocode – A simple way of writing out algorithms using plain English and some programming keywords, without worrying about exact syntax. It bridges the gap between human thinking and actual code.
伪代码 – 使用简洁的英语和少量编程关键字来书写算法的方式，无需担心精确的语法。它架起了人类思维与实际代码之间的桥梁。
2. Data Representation: Bits, Bytes, and Beyond | 数据表示：位、字节及更多
Binary – A number system that uses only two digits: 1 and 0. Computers use binary because their circuits have only two states—on and off. The word 'binary' helps you remember 'bi' meaning two.
二进制 – 一种仅使用 1 和 0 两个数字的计数系统。计算机使用二进制，因为它们的电路只有两种状态——开和关。单词 binary 中的 'bi' 有“二”的含义，帮助记忆。
Bit – Short for 'binary digit'. It is the smallest unit of data in a computer and can be either a 1 or a 0.
位（比特） – 二进制数字的简称。它是计算机中最小的数据单位，可以是 1 或 0。
Byte – A group of 8 bits. One byte can store a single character, like the letter 'A' in binary as 01000001. Think: a 'bite' of data!
字节 – 由 8 个位组成。一个字节可以存储一个字符，比如字母 'A' 在二进制中表示为 01000001。可以联想为“咬”一口数据。
Nibble – Half a byte: 4 bits. It can represent a single hexadecimal digit (0–F). A fun word to remember: a nibble is a small bite.
半字节 – 半个字节：4 位。它可以表示一个十六进制数字 (0–F)。一个有趣的记忆方法：nibble 就是一小口。
Kilobyte (KB) – About one thousand bytes (1024 bytes exactly). It can store a short paragraph of text.
千字节 (KB) – 大约一千字节（精确为 1024 字节）。它可以存储一小段文字。
Overflow Error – When a calculation produces a number that is too large to be held in the number of bits available. It is like trying to pour a litre of water into a 500 ml cup.
溢出错误 – 当计算结果太大，无法用可用的位数容纳时发生的错误。就像试图把一升水倒进一个 500 毫升的杯子里。
3. Hardware Essentials | 硬件基础
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Often called the 'brain' of the computer. It fetches, decodes, and executes instructions. The key cycle to remember is the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle.
中央处理器 (CPU) – 常被称为计算机的“大脑”。它执行取指令、解码和执行的循环。需要记住的关键周期是取指-解码-执行周期。
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – A component of the CPU that performs all mathematical calculations (like addition) and logical operations (like comparisons). 'Arithmetic' reminds you of maths, 'Logic' of decisions.
算术逻辑单元 (ALU) – CPU 的组成部分，执行所有数学计算（如加法）和逻辑运算（如比较）。'Arithmetic' 让你想起数学，'Logic' 让你想起决策。
Control Unit (CU) – The part of the CPU that manages the flow of data, directing the fetch-decode-execute cycle. Think of it as a conductor in an orchestra.
控制单元 (CU) – CPU 中管理数据流动的部分，指挥取指-解码-执行周期。可以把它想象成交响乐团中的指挥。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Volatile memory that stores the operating system, programs, and data currently in use. When the power is turned off, everything in RAM is lost. 'Random' means any part can be accessed quickly.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) – 易失性存储器，用于存储当前正在使用的操作系统、程序和数据。断电后，RAM 中的所有内容都会丢失。'Random' 表示可以快速访问任何部分。
ROM (Read Only Memory) – Non-volatile memory that stores the boot program (BIOS). It keeps its data when the computer is switched off. Excellent for remembering: you can only 'read' it, not easily write to it.
只读存储器 (ROM) – 非易失性存储器，存储启动程序 (BIOS)。关闭计算机后数据依然保留。非常好的助记点：你只能“读取”它，不能轻易写入。
Secondary Storage – Long-term storage like hard drives, SSDs, USB sticks, and optical discs. It is non-volatile and used to store files permanently.
辅助存储 – 长期存储，如硬盘驱动器、固态硬盘、U 盘和光盘。它是非易失性的，用于长期保存文件。
4. Software Essentials | 软件基础
Operating System (OS) – The master program that manages all hardware and software resources, provides a user interface, and handles memory management and security. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux.
操作系统 (OS) – 管理所有硬件和软件资源、提供用户界面、处理内存管理和安全性的主控程序。例如：Windows、macOS、Linux。
Application Software – Programs that perform specific tasks for users, such as word processors, spreadsheets, or games. Think of them as 'apps' that apply to your needs.
应用软件 – 执行特定用户任务的程序，如文字处理器、电子表格或游戏。可以理解为满足你需求的“应用”。
Utility Software – System software designed to help maintain and protect the computer, e.g., antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup tools. A 'utility' helps keep things useful and tidy.
实用工具软件 – 旨在帮助维护和保护计算机的系统软件，例如防病毒软件、磁盘碎片整理程序、备份工具。'Utility' 的意义在于保持事物有用且整洁。
Open Source Software – Software whose source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and share. Linux and LibreOffice are famous examples. Memory aid: 'open' means the code is open for everyone.
开源软件 – 源代码可自由获取，任何人都可以查看、修改和分享的软件。Linux 和 LibreOffice 是著名的例子。记忆辅助：'open' 意味着代码对所有人开放。
Proprietary Software – Software owned by a company, where the source code is kept secret and users must buy a licence to use it. Microsoft Office is proprietary.
专有软件 – 归公司所有的软件，源代码保密，用户必须购买许可证才能使用。Microsoft Office 就是专有软件。
5. Programming Terminology | 编程术语
Sequence – Executing instructions one after another, in the exact order they are written. It is the simplest programming structure—like following a series of dance steps.
顺序 – 按照书写的确切顺序，一条接一条地执行指令。这是最简单的编程结构——就像遵循一连串的舞步。
Selection – A programming construct that allows a program to make decisions, using conditions such as IF...THEN...ELSE. It gives the program a 'choice'.
选择 – 一种编程结构，允许程序根据条件做出决策，如使用 IF...THEN...ELSE。这赋予了程序“选择”的能力。
Iteration – Repeating a block of code. This can be count-controlled (e.g., FOR loop) or condition-controlled (e.g., WHILE loop). A loop is an iteration—think of a song's chorus that 'iterates' several times.
迭代 – 重复执行一段代码。可以是计数控制（如 FOR 循环）或条件控制（如 WHILE 循环）。循环就是一种迭代——想象歌曲中反复出现的副歌。
Variable – A named container that holds a value which can change during the program’s execution. Like a labelled box you can put numbers or text in and swap later.
变量 – 一个有名称的容器，保存程序执行期间可以改变的值。就像一个贴了标签的盒子，你可以放进数字或文字，之后还可以替换。
Constant – A named container that holds a value which does not change. Constants are fixed, such as pi (π) is always 3.14 in a program.
常量 – 一个存放不变值的命名容器。常量是固定的，比如在程序中 π 始终是 3.14。
Debugging – The process of finding and fixing errors (bugs) in code. Debugging sounds like 'de-bug'—removing unwanted insects from your program.
调试 – 查找并修复代码中错误（bug）的过程。Debugging 听起来就像 'de-bug'——清除程序中不想要的虫子。
6. Networks and Communication | 网络与通信
Network – Two or more computers connected together to share data and resources. Networks can be small (LAN) or huge (WAN like the internet).
网络 – 两台或多台计算机连接在一起以共享数据和资源。网络可以很小（局域网），也可以很大（像互联网这样的广域网）。
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network covering a small geographical area, usually within a single building or campus. School networks are typical LANs.
局域网 (LAN) – 覆盖较小地理区域的网络，通常在一栋建筑或校园内。学校网络就是典型的局域网。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – A network covering a large geographical area, connecting LANs across cities or countries. The internet is the largest WAN.
广域网 (WAN) – 覆盖广阔地理区域的网络，连接跨越城市或国家的局域网。互联网是最大的广域网。
Router – A device that forwards data packets between different networks, directing traffic and ensuring data reaches the correct destination. It chooses the best 'route'.
路由器 – 在不同网络之间转发数据包的设备，负责指挥流量并确保数据到达正确的目的地。它为数据选择最佳“路由”。
Protocol – A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received over a network. HTTP, TCP/IP, and FTP are examples. Protocols ensure devices speak the same language.
协议 – 一套管理数据如何在网络上传输和接收的规则。例如 HTTP、TCP/IP 和 FTP。协议确保设备使用相同的语言进行通信。
Bandwidth – The maximum amount of data that can be transferred over a network in a given time, measured in bits per second (bps). More bandwidth means faster internet, like a wider motorway allows more cars.
带宽 – 在给定时间内网络可以传输的最大数据量，单位是比特每秒 (bps)。更大的带宽意味着更快的互联网，就像更宽的高速公路允许更多的车辆通行。
7. Cyber Security Fundamentals | 网络安全基础
Malware – Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. The word blends 'malicious' and 'software'. Viruses and worms are types of malware.
恶意软件 – 旨在破坏、干扰或非授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。这个词混合了 'malicious'（恶意的）和 'software'（软件）。病毒和蠕虫都属于恶意软件。
Phishing – A social engineering attack where criminals send fake emails or messages pretending to be a legitimate organisation to steal personal information. Think: 'fishing' for your private data.
网络钓鱼 – 一种社会工程攻击，犯罪分子发送伪装成合法组织的虚假电子邮件或消息，以窃取个人信息。可以联想为：'fishing'（钓鱼）你的私人数据。
Firewall – A security system (hardware or software) that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks unauthorised access. It acts like a barrier 'wall' against fire (threats).
防火墙 – 一种安全系统（硬件或软件），用于监控传入和传出的网络流量，并阻止非授权访问。它就像一道抵御“火”（威胁）的屏障墙。
Encryption – The process of converting plaintext data into a coded form (ciphertext) so that only authorised parties can read it. It scrambles data, and a key is needed to unscramble.
加密 – 将明文数据转换成编码形式（密文）的过程，只有被授权方才能读取。它把数据打乱，并且需要密钥才能解密。
Brute-force Attack – A trial-and-error method used to crack passwords or encryption by systematically trying every possible combination. Like trying every key on a huge key ring.
暴力攻击 – 通过系统性地尝试每一种可能的组合来破解密码或加密的试错方法。就像在巨大的钥匙环上逐一尝试每一把钥匙。
Backup – A copy of important files stored separately so that data can be restored if lost. The rule of three: keep three copies, on two different media, with one offsite.
备份 – 重要文件的副本，另行存储，以便在数据丢失时可以恢复。有“三备份”规则：保留三份副本，使用两种不同介质，其中一份异地存放。
8. Databases and Data | 数据库与数据
Database – A structured collection of data stored electronically. It allows information to be easily accessed, managed, and updated. A telephone directory is a simple example.
数据库 – 以电子方式存储的结构化数据集合。它使信息可以轻松访问、管理和更新。电话簿就是一个简单的例子。
Field – A single piece of data within a record. For a student record, typical fields might be 'StudentID', 'Name', 'DateOfBirth'.
字段 – 记录中的单个数据项。对于一个学生记录，典型字段可能是 'StudentID'、'Name'、'DateOfBirth'。
Record – A complete set of fields about one entity, stored as a row in a table. All fields about one student make a record.
记录 – 关于一个实体的完整字段集合，作为表中的一行存储。关于一个学生的所有字段构成一条记录。
Primary Key – A field that uniquely identifies each record in a database table. No two records can have the same primary key value. StudentID is a perfect primary key.
主键 – 唯一标识数据库表中每条记录的字段。没有两条记录可以具有相同的主键值。StudentID 就是一个理想的主键。
SQL (Structured Query Language) – A standard language for querying and manipulating databases. Key commands include SELECT, FROM, WHERE. The 'structured' part reminds you it organises data neatly.
结构化查询语言 (SQL) – 用于查询和操作数据库的标准语言。关键命令包括 SELECT、FROM、WHERE。'Structured' 一词提醒你它可以把数据组织得井井有条。
Data Validation – The process of checking that the data entered is sensible and reasonable, e.g., range checks, presence checks. It doesn't guarantee correctness but catches obvious errors.
数据验证 – 检查输入数据是否合理、符合逻辑的过程，如范围检查、存在性检查。它不能保证正确性，但可以捕捉明显的错误。
9. Issues and Impact | 问题与影响
Digital Footprint – The trail of data you leave behind when you use the internet, including social media posts, website visits, and online purchases. Think of it as your permanent online shadow.
数字足迹 – 你使用互联网时留下的数据痕迹，包括社交媒体帖子、网站访问和在线购物记录。可以把它想象成你永久的在线影子。
Copyright – Legal protection that gives the creator of original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time. Respect copyright or face legal trouble.
版权 – 对原创作品创作者赋予的专有使用权和分发权的法律保护，通常在一定期限内有效。尊重版权，否则可能面临法律麻烦。
Plagiarism – Passing off someone else's work or ideas as your own without giving credit. In computing, this applies to code and digital content too.
抄袭 – 将他人作品或思想当作自己的而不注明出处。在计算机领域，这也适用于代码和数字内容。
Computer Misuse Act – UK law that makes unauthorised access to computer material illegal. It covers hacking, spreading malware, and modifying data without permission.
计算机滥用法 – 英国法律，规定未经授权访问计算机材料属于非法行为。它涵盖黑客攻击、传播恶意软件和未经允许修改数据。
The Internet of Things (IoT) – The network of physical devices embedded with sensors and software to connect and exchange data over the internet. Smart watches and home assistants are IoT devices.
物联网 (IoT) – 嵌入了传感器和软件的物理设备网络，通过互联网连接并交换数据。智能手表和智能音箱都属于物联网设备。
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines. Includes learning, reasoning, and self-correction. AI assistants like Siri are everyday examples.
人工智能 (AI) – 由机器模拟人类智能过程。包括学习、推理和自我修正。像 Siri 这样的人工智能助手就是日常例子。
10. Quick Reference: Acronyms & Abbreviations | 快速参考：缩略语与缩写
In AQA Computer Science, knowing the full forms of common acronyms is vital. The table below summarises the most important ones you must memorise. Read each pair of explanatory sentences carefully.
在 AQA 计算机科学中，了解常见缩略语的全称至关重要。下表总结了必须记住的最重要缩写。请仔细阅读每对解释性句子。
| Acronym | Full Form | Memory Hint |
|---|---|---|
| CPU | Central Processing Unit | The computer's brain that processes all instructions centrally. 中央处理器，像大脑一样居中处理所有指令。 |
| RAM | Random Access Memory | Memory you can access randomly, very fast but forgets when off. 可随机访问的存储器，速度极快但断电即忘。 |
| ROM | Read Only Memory | Memory you can only read, not write, and it remembers forever. 只能读取不能写入的存储器，永久保存。 |
| LAN | Local Area Network | A local network in a small area like a school. 在小范围（如学校）内的本地网络。 |
| WAN | Wide Area Network | A network spread across a wide area, such as the internet. 覆盖广阔区域的网络，如互联网。 |
| SQL | Structured Query Language | Language to query databases in a structured way. 用结构化方式查询数据库的语言。 |
| IoT | Internet of Things | Everyday things connected to the internet. 连接到互联网的日常物品。 |
Use flashcards to quiz yourself: cover the full form and try to recall it, then cover the acronym and spell it out. Regular recall strengthens your memory for exams.
使用闪卡自测：遮住全称，尝试回忆；然后遮住缩写，拼写出来。定期回忆有助于你在考试中巩固记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图