📚 Year 7 AQA Computer Science: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 7 AQA 计算机词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your fast-track vocabulary guide for Year 7 AQA Computer Science. This article breaks down essential terms into bite-sized, paired explanations in English and Chinese, so you can understand and memorise key concepts quickly. Use it alongside your lessons, and you will feel confident with the language of computing.
欢迎来到 Year 7 AQA 计算机科学词汇速记指南。本文将核心术语拆解为简洁的中英文配对解释，帮助你快速理解并记住关键概念。配合课堂学习使用，你将轻松掌握计算机语言，应对考试更加自信。
1. Hardware Essentials | 硬件要素
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often called the 'brain' of the computer. It fetches, decodes and executes instructions, performing billions of calculations per second.
中央处理器 (CPU) 常被称为计算机的“大脑”。它负责取出、解码并执行指令，每秒可完成数十亿次运算。
Random Access Memory (RAM) acts as the computer's short‑term memory. It holds data and programs that are currently in use, but everything in RAM is lost when the power is turned off.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) 充当计算机的短期记忆。它保存当前正在使用的数据和程序，但一旦断电，RAM 中的全部内容都会丢失。
Read‑Only Memory (ROM) stores permanent instructions needed to start up the computer, such as the BIOS. The data in ROM stays even when the power is off.
只读存储器 (ROM) 存储开机必需的永久指令，例如 BIOS。即使断电，ROM 中的数据也依然存在。
The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all the components of a computer, allowing them to communicate with each other.
主板是连接计算机所有部件的主电路板，它让各个元件能够互相通信。
A graphics card (GPU) handles the output of images to a display. It takes the load off the CPU so that videos and games run smoothly.
显卡 (GPU) 负责向显示器输出图像。它减轻了 CPU 的负担，使视频和游戏能够流畅运行。
The power supply unit (PSU) converts electricity from the wall socket into the correct voltages needed by the computer's internal components.
电源供应器 (PSU) 将墙插交流电转换为计算机内部部件所需的正确电压。
A hard disk drive (HDD) uses spinning magnetic platters to store data permanently. It offers large capacity at a lower cost but is slower than a solid‑state drive.
机械硬盘 (HDD) 使用旋转的磁性盘片永久存储数据。它容量大、成本较低，但速度比固态硬盘慢。
A solid‑state drive (SSD) stores data on flash memory chips. It has no moving parts, making it much faster, quieter and more durable than an HDD.
固态硬盘 (SSD) 使用闪存芯片存储数据。它没有活动部件，因此比 HDD 更快、更安静且更耐用。
A heat sink is a metal device that draws heat away from components like the CPU, often paired with a fan to keep temperatures safe.
散热器是一种金属装置，用于将 CPU 等部件产生的热量带走，通常与风扇配合，使温度保持在安全范围。
2. Software and Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
Software is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It can be divided into system software, like operating systems, and application software, like games or word processors.
软件是一组告诉硬件该如何工作的指令。它可分为系统软件（如操作系统）和应用软件（如游戏或文字处理软件）。
The operating system (OS) manages all the hardware and software on a computer. It provides a user interface, handles file management, and controls peripheral devices.
操作系统 (OS) 管理计算机上的所有硬件和软件。它提供用户界面、处理文件管理并控制外部设备。
A graphical user interface (GUI) allows users to interact with the computer using visual elements like windows, icons, menus and pointers (WIMP).
图形用户界面 (GUI) 允许用户通过窗口、图标、菜单和指针 (WIMP) 等视觉元素与计算机交互。
A command‑line interface (CLI) requires users to type text commands to perform tasks. It uses fewer resources and can be faster for experts.
命令行界面 (CLI) 要求用户输入文本命令来执行任务。它占用资源少，对专业用户而言可能更加高效。
Utility software performs maintenance tasks, such as antivirus scanning, disk cleanup and backup. It helps keep the system running efficiently.
实用工具软件执行维护任务，例如病毒扫描、磁盘清理和备份。它帮助系统保持高效运行。
Application software, often called an 'app', is designed for end users to carry out specific tasks, like writing a document, browsing the web or editing a photo.
应用软件（常称作 app）为终端用户设计，用于完成特定任务，例如撰写文档、浏览网页或编辑照片。
Open‑source software has its source code freely available for anyone to view, modify and share. Examples include the Linux operating system and the LibreOffice suite.
开源软件将其源代码公开，任何人都可以查看、修改和分享。例子包括 Linux 操作系统和 LibreOffice 办公套件。
Proprietary software is owned by a company, and its source code is kept secret. Users must usually purchase a licence to use it, such as for Microsoft Windows.
专有软件由某家公司拥有，其源代码保密。用户通常需购买许可证才能使用，例如 Microsoft Windows。
3. Input and Output Devices | 输入输出设备
An input device allows data to enter a computer system. Common examples are the keyboard, mouse, touchscreen and microphone.
输入设备让数据能够进入计算机系统。常见的例子有键盘、鼠标、触摸屏和麦克风。
An output device presents processed data from the computer to the user. Monitors, printers and speakers are typical output devices.
输出设备将计算机处理后的数据呈现给用户。显示器、打印机和扬声器是典型的输出设备。
A touchscreen acts as both an input and an output device. It displays images (output) and detects touch gestures (input) on the same surface.
触摸屏同时兼作输入和输出设备。它在同一表面上显示图像（输出）并检测触摸手势（输入）。
A barcode reader uses a laser or camera to scan the black‑and‑white pattern of a barcode and convert it into a number that the computer can understand.
条码阅读器使用激光或摄像头扫描条码的黑白图案，并将其转换成计算机能理解的数字。
A sensor measures physical quantities such as temperature, light or motion and converts them into electrical signals that the computer can process.
传感器测量温度、光线或运动等物理量，并将其转换为计算机可以处理的电信号。
A projector takes the video output from a computer and projects it onto a large screen or wall, allowing a whole class to see the same image.
投影仪接收计算机的视频输出，将其投射到大屏幕或墙面上，让全班都能看到同一画面。
Headphones are output devices that send sound directly to the user's ears without disturbing people nearby. Many also have a built‑in microphone for input.
耳机是一种输出设备，将声音直接送入听众耳中而不打扰周围的人。许多耳机还内嵌麦克风用于输入。
A scanner converts physical documents or photographs into digital images that can be saved, edited or shared on a computer.
扫描仪将纸质文档或相片转换为数字图像，能够保存在计算机中、进行编辑或分享。
4. Storage and Memory | 存储与内存
Primary storage is the memory directly accessible by the CPU, mainly RAM and ROM. It is much faster than secondary storage but usually smaller in capacity.
主存储是 CPU 可直接访问的存储器，主要为 RAM 和 ROM。它的速度远快于辅助存储，但容量通常较小。
Secondary storage holds data permanently even when the computer is switched off. Hard drives, SSDs and USB flash drives are all examples of secondary storage.
辅助存储器在计算机关机后仍能永久保存数据。硬盘、固态硬盘和 U 盘都属于辅助存储设备。
Volatile memory loses its contents when power is removed, like RAM. Non‑volatile memory, such as ROM and flash storage, keeps data safe without electricity.
易失性存储器在断电后会丢失内容，例如 RAM。非易失性存储器（如 ROM 和闪存）即使没有电力也能保留数据。
A USB flash drive (memory stick) is a small, portable storage device that uses flash memory. It can easily be plugged into a computer's USB port to transfer files.
USB 闪存盘（U 盘）是一种使用闪存的小型便携存储设备，可轻松插入计算机的 USB 端口来传输文件。
Cloud storage saves data on remote servers accessed via the internet. Services like Google Drive and OneDrive let you store files online and sync them across devices.
云存储将数据保存在可通过互联网访问的远程服务器上。像 Google Drive 和 OneDrive 等服务可在线上存文件并在多设备间同步。
Capacity is the amount of data a storage device can hold. It is measured in bytes, with larger units using kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB) and terabytes (TB).
容量是指存储设备能保存的数据量，以字节为单位，更大的单位有千字节 (KB)、兆字节 (MB)、吉字节 (GB) 和太字节 (TB)。
A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing, representing a single binary value of either 0 or 1. Eight bits make one byte.
位 (bit) 是计算中最小的数据单位，表示一个二进制值 0 或 1。8 个位组成一个字节 (byte)。
Read/write speed describes how quickly data can be transferred to and from a storage device. SSDs typically have far higher read/write speeds than HDDs.
读写速度描述了数据存入存储设备和从中读取的快慢。固态硬盘的读写速度通常远高于机械硬盘。
5. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Binary is a number system that uses only two digits, 0 and 1. All data inside a computer is ultimately stored and processed in binary form.
二进制是一种只使用 0 和 1 两个数字的计数系统。计算机内部的所有数据最终都以二进制形式存储和处理。
r 1. Grouping 8 bits together forms a byte, which can represent 2⁸ = 256 different values.
二进制数位 (bit) 是一个 0 或 1。将 8 个位组合起来形成一个字节，可以表示 2⁸ = 256 种不同的值。
Denary (decimal) is the base‑10 system we use every day, with digits 0 to 9. Computers convert denary numbers into binary to process them.
十进制是我们日常使用的基数为 10 的系统，数字从 0 到 9。计算机会将十进制数转换为二进制后再处理。
A pixel is the smallest controllable element of a picture on a screen. Each pixel's colour can be represented by binary numbers for red, green and blue intensity.
像素是屏幕上图片的最小可控元素。每个像素的颜色可以用红、绿、蓝强度的二进制数来表示。
Representing characters in binary often uses standard codes like ASCII, where each letter, digit or symbol is assigned a unique 7‑bit binary pattern.
用二进制表示字符通常使用标准编码如 ASCII，为每个字母、数字或符号分配唯一的 7 位二进制模式。
+ 0 = 0, 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 10 (write 0, carry 1), and 1 + 1 + 1 = 11 (write 1, carry 1).
二进制加法规则很简单：0 + 0 = 0，1 + 0 = 1，1 + 1 = 10（写 0 进 1），以及 1 + 1 + 1 = 11（写 1 进 1）。
Overflow occurs when a binary addition result is too large to fit in the fixed number of bits, causing the most significant bit to be lost.
溢出发生在二进制加法的结果超出固定位数所能表示的范围时，导致最高位丢失。
A nibble is a group of 4 bits, half of a byte. For example, the binary pattern 1010₂ is one nibble and can represent values from 0 to 15.
半字节是 4 个位的组合，即半个字节。例如二进制模式 1010₂ 是一个半字节，可表示 0 到 15 的值。
6. Computational Thinking Concepts | 计算思维概念
Computational thinking is a problem‑solving approach that uses concepts like decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction and algorithm design.
计算思维是一种解决问题的思路，运用分解、模式识别、抽象和算法设计等概念。
Decomposition means breaking a large, complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. Each part can then be solved separately.
分解意味着将一个庞大、复杂的问题拆解成更小、更易处理的部分，然后逐一解决每个部分。
Pattern recognition involves identifying similarities or trends among problems. Reusing recognised patterns saves time when solving new challenges.
模式识别指找出问题之间的相似之处或趋势。识别并复用已有模式可以节省解决新问题的时间。
Abstraction is the process of focusing on the important details while ignoring irrelevant information. It creates a simplified model of reality.
抽象是关注重要细节而忽略无关信息的过程，从而建立一个简化版的现实模型。
An algorithm is a step‑by‑step set of instructions to complete a task. Cooking recipes and route planners are everyday examples of algorithms.
算法是完成一项任务的分步骤指令集。食谱和路线规划器都是日常生活中的算法例子。
Logical reasoning helps you predict and explain what a program or algorithm will do, based on a set of rules or conditions.
逻辑推理帮助你根据一组规则或条件，预测和解释程序或算法将会如何运行。
Evaluation in computational thinking means checking whether a solution meets the original requirements and identifying possible improvements.
计算思维中的评估是指检查解决方案是否满足最初需求，并找出可能的改进之处。
Debugging is the systematic process of finding and fixing errors (bugs) in an algorithm or program so it works as intended.
调试是一个系统化过程，用来查找并修复算法或程序中的错误 (bug)，使其按预期工作。
7. Algorithms and Flowcharts | 算法与流程图
A flowchart is a diagram that represents an algorithm using boxes and arrows. Different shapes have special meanings, such as ovals for start/end and diamonds for decisions.
流程图是使用方框和箭头表示算法的示意图。不同形状具有特定含义，如椭圆形表示开始/结束，菱形表示判断。
Sequence is the simplest control structure where instructions are carried out one after another in the order they are written.
顺序是最简单的控制结构，指令按照编写顺序逐条执行。
Selection allows a program to make decisions. An if‑then‑else statement chooses between two or more paths based on whether a condition is true or false.
选择让程序能够做出决策。if‑then‑else 语句根据条件真假，在两条或多条路径之间进行选择。
Iteration (looping) repeats a block of code until a condition is met. A for loop runs a fixed number of times, while a while loop runs while a condition remains true.
迭代（循环）重复执行一段代码，直到满足某个条件。for 循环运行固定次数，while 循环在条件为真时持续运行。
Pseudocode is a way to write algorithms using plain English mixed with programming keywords. It is not a real language but helps you plan code before writing it.
伪代码是使用通俗英语混合编程关键字书写算法的方式。它并非真实语言，但有助于在编写代码前进行规划。
Start/stop terminals in a flowchart are shown as rounded shapes. They mark where the algorithm begins and ends.
流程图中的开始/结束端子用圆角形状表示，标记算法的起始点和结束点。
Process boxes are rectangles in a flowchart. They indicate actions such as 'calculate total' or 'turn on motor'.
处理框是流程图中的矩形，表示诸如“计算总和”或“启动马达”等操作。
Decision diamonds contain a yes/no question. The flow branches into two arrows, one for 'yes' and one for 'no'.
判断菱形包含一个是非问题。流程分支为两个箭头，一个表示“是”，一个表示“否”。
8. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
A variable is a named storage location for data that can change while a program runs. For example, a variable called 'score' can increase as a player earns points.
变量是存放数据的命名存储位置，其值在程序运行期间可以改变。例如名为“score”的变量可以随着玩家得分而增加。
A constant is like a variable, but its value is set once and never changes throughout the program. Pi (π) is a classic constant in maths programs.
常量类似于变量，但它的值在程序中只设置一次且永不改变。圆周率 π 是数学程序中经典的常量。
A program is a complete set of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute to perform a specific task.
程序是用编程语言编写的完整指令集，计算机可以执行它以完成特定任务。
Syntax refers to the precise set of rules that define how instructions must be written in a programming language. Missing a semicolon is a common syntax error.
语法是指定义编程语言中指令必须如何书写的精确规则。遗漏分号是常见的语法错误。
A bug is an error or flaw in a program that causes it to behave unexpectedly. Debugging is the process of finding and fixing these bugs.
bug 是程序中导致意外行为的错误或缺陷。调试就是找到并修复这些错误的过程。
Comments are notes written inside code to explain what it does. They are ignored by the computer and help other programmers understand your logic.
注释是写在代码中的说明文字，用于解释代码的作用。计算机会忽略它们，它们能帮助其他程序员理解你的逻辑。
An assignment statement gives a value to a variable. In many languages this is written as 'score = 0' or 'score <- 0'.
赋值语句将某个值赋予变量。在许多语言中，写作 'score = 0' 或 'score <- 0'。
Concatenation means joining two or more strings end to end. For example, 'Hello' + 'World' becomes 'HelloWorld'.
拼接指将两个或多个字符串首尾相连。例如 'Hello' + 'World' 变成 'HelloWorld'。
9. Networking Basics | 网络基础
A network is two or more computers connected together to share resources, such as files, printers or an internet connection.
网络是两台或更多计算机连接在一起，以共享文件、打印机或互联网连接等资源。
A Local Area Network (LAN) covers a small geographic area, like a school or an office. LAN cables or Wi‑Fi connect devices at high speeds.
局域网 (LAN) 覆盖较小的地理区域，如一所学校或一间办公室。通过网线或 Wi‑Fi 高速连接设备。
A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans a large area, often a country or the globe. The internet is the largest example of a WAN.
广域网 (WAN) 跨越广阔区域，通常是一个国家或全球范围。互联网就是最大的广域网实例。
A router is a device that directs data packets between networks. It selects the best path for data to travel across a network or the internet.
路由器是在网络间引导数据包的设备。它为数据在网络上或互联网中选择最佳传输路径。
A switch connects devices within a LAN and uses MAC addresses to forward data only to the intended recipient, reducing unnecessary traffic.
交换机在局域网内连接设备，使用 MAC 地址将数据仅转发给目标接收方，减少不必要的流量。
An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to every device on a network. IPv4 addresses look like 192.168.1.1, while IPv6 uses longer hexadecimal strings.
IP 地址是分配给网络上每个设备的唯一数字标签。IPv4 地址形如 192.168.1.1，而 IPv6 使用更长的十六进制字符串。
A protocol is a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received. HTTP, TCP/IP and FTP are all examples of network protocols.
协议是一套管理数据如何发送和接收的规则。HTTP、TCP/IP 和 FTP 都是网络协议的例子。
Bandwidth measures the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time, often expressed in megabits per second (Mbps).
带宽衡量在固定时间内可以传输的最大数据量，通常以兆比特每秒 (Mbps) 表示。
10. Staying Safe Online | 安全上网
Malware is short for 'malicious software'. It includes viruses, worms and Trojans designed to damage or disrupt computer systems.
恶意软件是“恶意软件”的简称，包括病毒、蠕虫和特洛伊木马，旨在破坏或干扰计算机系统。
A computer virus is a type of malware that attaches itself to a clean file and spreads to other files, often corrupting data in the process.
计算机病毒是一种恶意软件，它将自己附着在干净文件上并传播到其他文件，通常在此过程中损坏数据。
Phishing is a social‑engineering attack where criminals send fake emails or messages that look genuine to trick people into revealing passwords or bank details.
网络钓鱼是一种社会工程攻击，犯罪分子发送看似真实的虚假邮件或消息，诱骗人们泄露密码或银行信息。
A firewall monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks unauthorised access. It acts like a security barrier between a trusted network and the internet.
防火墙监控传入和传出的网络流量并阻止未授权访问。它充当可信网络与互联网之间的安全屏障。
Encryption scrambles data into a secret code that can only be read by someone with the correct key. It protects information such as card payments online.
加密将数据扰乱成只有持有正确密钥的人才能读取的密文，保护诸如网上银行卡支付等信息。
A strong password contains a mix of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers and symbols. It should be at least eight characters long and not easy to guess.
强密码包含大小写字母、数字和符号的混合，长度至少为八个字符，并且不易被猜出。
Biometric authentication uses unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints or face recognition, to verify a user's identity.
生物特征认证使用指纹或面部识别等独特的身体特征来验证用户身份。
Digital footprint is the trail of data you leave when using the internet. Every comment, photo and search contributes to your permanent online reputation.
数字足迹是你使用互联网时留下的数据痕迹。每一次评论、照片和搜索都会成为你永久在线声誉的一部分。
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