📚 Year 7 AQA Business: A Quick-Reference Guide to Key Terms | Year 7 AQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 AQA Business key terms guide. In business studies, mastering the language is the first step to understanding how companies work, how money flows, and how entrepreneurs turn ideas into reality. This article will help you memorise and apply essential vocabulary through simple explanations and examples.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 AQA 商务关键词指南。在商务学习中，掌握术语是理解企业运作、资金流动以及企业家如何把创意变成现实的第一步。本文将通过简单解释和例子，帮助你记忆和应用基本词汇。
1. Entrepreneur and Enterprise | 企业家与企业精神
An entrepreneur is an individual who takes the risk of starting a new business with the aim of making a profit. They identify a gap in the market and gather the resources needed – such as money, materials, and people – to turn an idea into a working enterprise.
企业家是指为了赚取利润而冒险创办新企业的人。他们发现市场空缺，并聚集所需资源（如资金、材料和人力），把想法变成实际运营的企业。
Enterprise refers to the skills and willingness to take risks in order to create and run a business. It is not just about having a business idea; it is about spotting opportunities, being determined, and solving problems creatively.
企业精神是指为了创办和经营企业而敢于冒险的技巧和意愿。它不仅仅是拥有一个商业想法；而是发现机会、坚定决心，并创造性地解决问题。
2. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Businesses provide goods and services to satisfy the needs and wants of customers. Goods are tangible items that can be touched and owned, such as smartphones, trainers, or chocolate bars. Services, on the other hand, are intangible activities that are performed for customers, like haircuts, bus journeys, or online tutoring.
企业提供商品和服务来满足顾客的需求和欲望。商品是可以触摸和拥有的有形物品，比如智能手机、运动鞋或巧克力棒。而服务则是为顾客执行的无形活动，例如理发、公交车旅程或在线辅导。
Understanding the difference helps you see that some businesses focus on physical products, while others provide experiences or help. Many companies offer a combination of both: a restaurant provides food (goods) and waiting staff service (a service).
理解这个区别有助于你认识到，有些企业专注于实体产品，而另一些则提供体验或帮助。许多公司同时提供两者：餐馆提供食物（商品）和侍应服务（服务）。
3. Needs and Wants | 需要与想要
In business, it is crucial to distinguish between needs and wants. Needs are things that are essential for survival, such as water, food, shelter, and basic clothing. Wants are desires that people would like to have but are not necessary for living – for example, the latest video game, a luxury handbag, or a holiday abroad.
在商务中，区分需要和想要至关重要。需要是维持生存所必需的，如水、食物、住所和基本衣物。想要则是人们渴望拥有但并非生存必需的东西，例如最新的电子游戏、奢侈手袋或出国度假。
Businesses must consider this when deciding what to sell. Products that satisfy needs, like bread or electricity, always have demand, while wants are often influenced by trends, advertising, and personal tastes.
企业在决定销售什么时必须考虑这一点。满足需要的产品，如面包或电力，总会有需求；而想要则往往受潮流、广告和个人品味影响。
4. Customer and Consumer | 顾客与消费者
A customer is the person or organisation that buys a product or service. A consumer is the person who actually uses or consumes it. Sometimes the customer and consumer are the same, like when you buy a chocolate bar and eat it. Other times they are different: a parent buying breakfast cereal for their child is the customer, while the child eating it is the consumer.
顾客是购买产品或服务的个人或组织。消费者是实际使用或消耗该产品的人。有时顾客和消费者是同一人，比如你自己买巧克力棒并吃掉。有时则不同：父母为孩子购买早餐麦片是顾客，而吃的孩子是消费者。
Knowing this distinction helps businesses target their marketing. For example, a toy company might advertise to children (the consumers) to create excitement, but also make packaging attractive to parents (the customers) who make the purchase decision.
了解这个区别有助于企业进行目标营销。例如，玩具公司可能会对儿童（消费者）做广告以制造兴奋感，但也让包装对做出购买决定的父母（顾客）具有吸引力。
5. Revenue and Costs | 收入与成本
Revenue is the money a business receives from selling its goods or services. It is calculated by multiplying the selling price per unit by the quantity sold. For example, if a shop sells 200 T-shirts at £10 each, the revenue is £2 000.
收入是企业通过销售商品或服务所获得的资金。计算方式是将每单位售价乘以销售数量。例如，如果一家商店以 10 英镑的价格卖出 200 件 T 恤，收入就是 2000 英镑。
Costs are the expenses a business pays to produce and sell its products. These include raw materials, wages, rent, electricity, and advertising. Costs are often split into fixed costs (which stay the same regardless of output, like rent) and variable costs (which change with production, like ingredients).
成本是企业为生产和销售产品所支付的费用，包括原材料、工资、租金、电费和广告费等。成本通常分为固定成本（不论产量多少都保持不变，如租金）和可变成本（随产量变化而改变，如原料）。
Revenue = Selling Price × Quantity Sold
收入 = 销售价格 × 销售数量
6. Profit and Loss | 利润与亏损
Profit occurs when a business's revenue is greater than its total costs. It is the financial reward for taking risks and running a business successfully. Loss happens when total costs exceed revenue, meaning the business is spending more money than it is bringing in.
当企业的收入大于总成本时，就产生了利润。这是承担风险和成功经营企业的财务回报。当总成本超过收入时，就会发生亏损，意味着企业花的钱比挣的还多。
Profit = Revenue − Total Costs
利润 = 收入 − 总成本
Businesses aim to make a profit so they can grow, reward owners, and survive in the long term. If losses continue, the business may be forced to close or borrow money to stay afloat.
企业力求盈利，以便发展、回报所有者并长期生存。如果持续亏损，企业可能被迫关门或借钱维持运营。
7. Market and Marketing | 市场与市场营销
A market is any place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods or services. This can be a physical location, such as a local market or a supermarket, or an online platform like Amazon. A market is not just a place – it includes all the potential customers who are interested in a particular product and have the ability to buy it.
市场是买卖双方会面交换商品或服务的任何地方。可以是实体地点，如当地集市或超市，也可以是像亚马逊这样的在线平台。市场不仅仅是一个地方——它还包括所有对某特定产品感兴趣并有能力购买的潜在顾客。
Marketing is the set of activities a business undertakes to understand customer needs, promote its products, and sell them effectively. It involves the '4 Ps': Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Good marketing helps a business stand out and attract customers.
市场营销是企业为了解顾客需求、推广产品并有效销售而进行的一系列活动。它涉及“4P”：产品、价格、地点和促销。良好的市场营销有助于企业在竞争中脱颖而出并吸引顾客。
8. Business Plan | 商业计划
A business plan is a written document that outlines what a business aims to achieve and how it will do it. It includes details about the product or service, the target market, the competitors, the financial forecasts (predicted revenue, costs, and profit), and the marketing strategy. Banks and investors often want to see a business plan before they agree to lend money.
商业计划是一份书面文件，概述了企业想要达成的目标以及如何达成。它包括关于产品或服务、目标市场、竞争对手、财务预测（预计收入、成本和利润）以及营销策略的详细信息。银行和投资者在同意贷款前通常希望看到商业计划。
Writing a business plan forces entrepreneurs to think carefully about their idea and spot potential problems early. It also serves as a roadmap to guide the business from startup to growth.
撰写商业计划迫使企业家仔细思考自己的构想，并及早发现潜在问题。它还可以作为路线图，指引企业从创立走向成长。
9. Stakeholder | 利益相关者
A stakeholder is any individual, group, or organisation that has an interest in or is affected by the activities of a business. This includes internal stakeholders like owners, employees, and managers, as well as external stakeholders such as customers, suppliers, the local community, and the government.
利益相关者是指与企业的活动有利害关系或受其影响的任何个人、团体或组织。这包括内部利益相关者，如所有者、员工和管理人员，以及外部利益相关者，如顾客、供应商、当地社区和政府。
Different stakeholders have different objectives. Owners may want maximum profit, employees want fair pay and job security, customers want quality products at low prices, and the local community wants the business to be environmentally friendly. A successful business must balance these interests.
不同的利益相关者有不同的目标。所有者可能希望利润最大化，员工想要公平薪酬和工作保障，顾客想要低价优质的产品，而当地社区则希望企业环保。成功的企业必须平衡这些利益。
10. Risk and Reward | 风险与回报
In business, risk refers to the possibility that something could go wrong and lead to financial loss or failure. Starting a business involves risk because there is no guarantee customers will buy the product, and money invested might be lost. Reward is the benefit gained, usually profit, when a business is successful.
在商务中，风险是指事情可能出错并导致财务损失或失败的可能性。创业涉及风险，因为无法保证顾客会购买产品，而且投入的资金可能亏损。回报是当企业成功时获得的利益，通常是利润。
Entrepreneurs accept risk because they hope for rewards such as earning more money than they would in a paid job, being their own boss, and seeing their ideas succeed. The relationship between risk and reward is central to business decision-making.
企业家接受风险，因为他们希望获得回报，比如比打工赚更多钱，自己当老板，并看见自己的想法成功。风险与回报的关系是企业决策的核心。
11. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Supply refers to the amount of a product that businesses are willing and able to sell at various prices during a given period. Demand is the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices.
供给是指企业在特定时期内愿意并能够以不同价格出售的产品数量。需求是指消费者愿意并能够以不同价格购买的产品数量。
When demand for a product is high and supply is low, prices tend to rise. This can encourage businesses to produce more. If supply is high and
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