📚 Year 7 AQA Economics: Core Knowledge Overview | 核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 7 AQA Economics revision guide. This article outlines the essential concepts you need to master, from scarcity and choice to markets and money. Each section is presented in both English and Chinese to support bilingual learning and exam preparation.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 AQA 经济复习指南。本文梳理了你必须掌握的核心概念，从稀缺与选择到市场与货币。每个部分都以中英双语呈现，帮助你进行双语学习和备考。
1. What is Economics? Scarcity and Choice | 什么是经济学？稀缺与选择
Economics is the study of how people, businesses and governments make choices when faced with limited resources. The fundamental economic problem is scarcity: we have unlimited wants but only limited resources to produce goods and services.
经济学是研究个人、企业和政府在资源有限时如何做出选择的学科。根本的经济问题是稀缺性：我们的欲望是无穷的，但生产商品和服务的资源是有限的。
Because resources such as land, labour and capital are scarce, we must decide what to produce, how to produce it and for whom to produce. These three basic questions guide every economic decision.
由于土地、劳动力和资本等资源是稀缺的，我们必须决定生产什么、如何生产以及为谁生产。这三个基本问题指导着每一个经济决策。
Economists assume that people make rational choices by weighing the costs and benefits of each option. Scarcity forces everyone to make trade-offs -- giving up something to get something else.
经济学家假设人们通过权衡每个选项的成本和收益来做出理性选择。稀缺性迫使每个人进行权衡取舍——放弃某物以获得另一物。
2. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
A need is something essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. Needs are limited and must be satisfied before we consider other things.
需要是生存所必需的物品，例如食物、水、住所和衣物。需要是有限的，在考虑其他事物之前必须先被满足。
A want is something we desire but is not necessary for survival. Examples include smartphones, holidays, jewellery and entertainment. Wants are unlimited and change over time.
欲望是我们渴望但并非生存所必需的东西。例如智能手机、度假、珠宝和娱乐。欲望是无穷的，并随时间而变化。
Understanding the difference helps us prioritise spending and recognise that economics is about making choices in the face of unlimited wants and limited resources.
理解这种差异有助于我们确定支出的优先顺序，并认识到经济学就是在欲望无限、资源有限的情况下做出选择。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are tangible items that we can see and touch, such as a pencil, a car or a sandwich. They can be stored and used later. Consumer goods are bought by individuals, while capital goods help produce other goods.
商品是我们看得见、摸得着的有形物品，例如铅笔、汽车或三明治。它们可以储存和以后使用。消费品由个人购买，而资本品用于生产其他商品。
Services are intangible activities performed for others, such as a haircut, a bus ride or a music lesson. Services are consumed at the point of delivery and cannot be stored.
服务是为他人完成的无形活动，例如理发、乘坐巴士或音乐课。服务在提供时被消费，无法储存。
Both goods and services satisfy our needs and wants and contribute to a country's economic output.
商品和服务都能满足我们的需要和欲望，并为国家的经济产出做出贡献。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
To produce any good or service, four factors of production are required: land, labour, capital and enterprise. Each factor receives a reward in the form of income.
要生产任何商品或服务，需要四种生产要素：土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能。每种要素都以收入形式获得回报。
| Factor | 要素 | Definition | 定义 | Reward | 回报 |
|---|---|---|
| Land (Natural resources) | 土地 (自然资源) | All natural resources used in production: soil, minerals, water, forests. | Rent | 租金 |
| Labour (Workforce) | 劳动力 (人力) | The physical and mental effort of people used to create goods and services. | Wages/Salary | 工资/薪金 |
| Capital (Man-made aids) | 资本 (人造辅助品) | Man-made tools, machinery, factories and infrastructure used in production. | Interest | 利息 |
| Enterprise (Business know-how) | 企业家才能 (商业决策力) | The ability to combine the other factors, take risks and innovate. | Profit | 利润 |
All four factors are limited in supply, which reinforces the problem of scarcity. A business must decide how to combine them efficiently.
所有四种要素的供给都是有限的，这加剧了稀缺性问题。企业必须决定如何高效地组合它们。
5. Consumers and Producers | 消费者与生产者
Consumers are individuals who buy goods and services to satisfy their needs and wants. In a market, consumer choices send signals to producers about what to supply. This is often called consumer sovereignty.
消费者是购买商品和服务以满足其需要和欲望的个人。在市场中，消费者的选择向生产者发出了该供应什么的信号。这通常被称为消费者主权。
Producers are individuals or companies that make goods or provide services. Their main aim is usually to earn a profit by keeping costs lower than revenue. Producers decide what to produce, how much to charge and how to market their products.
生产者是制造商品或提供服务的个人或公司。他们的主要目标通常是通过使成本低于收入来赚取利润。生产者决定生产什么、定价多少以及如何推销他们的产品。
Consumers and producers interact in markets, where exchange takes place. The relationship between them determines what is available and at what price.
消费者和生产者进行交换的市场中互动。他们之间的关系决定了什么商品可得到及其价格。
6. Government and the Economy | 政府与经济
The government plays several important roles in an economy. It provides public goods and services such as street lighting, national defence and public parks, which are non-rival and non-excludable. These would not be adequately supplied by private firms.
政府在经济中扮演多个重要角色。它提供公共物品和服务，例如路灯、国防和公共公园，这些物品具有非竞争性和非排他性，私人企业无法充分提供。
Governments also redistribute income through taxation and welfare payments to reduce inequality. They regulate markets to protect consumers, workers and the environment, and they try to maintain economic stability by controlling inflation and encouraging growth.
政府还通过税收和福利支付进行收入再分配以减少不平等。它们监管市场以保护消费者、工人和环境，并试图通过控制通货膨胀和促进增长来维持经济稳定。
Taxes collected from individuals and businesses fund government spending on education, healthcare and infrastructure. Understanding this role helps you see why economics is not just about individuals and firms.
从个人和企业征收的税收为政府在教育、医疗和基础设施上的支出提供资金。了解这一角色有助于你认识到经济学并不仅仅是关于个人和企业的。
7. Understanding Markets: Demand and Supply | 理解市场：需求与供给
A market is any place or system where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services or resources. Demand refers to the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at each price over a period of time.
市场是买家和卖家会面以交换商品、服务或资源的任何地方或系统。需求是指在一段时间内，消费者在各种价格下愿意并能够购买的某种产品的数量。
The law of demand states that as the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded increases, ceteris paribus (all other things being equal). This is because lower prices make goods more affordable and consumers may switch from substitutes.
需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格下降，需求量增加。这是因为更低的价格使商品更为可负担，且消费者可能从替代品转换过来。
Consider a simple demand schedule for ice cream:
考虑一个简单的冰淇淋需求表：
| Price (£) | 价格 (英镑) | Quantity demanded per day | 每日需求量 |
|---|---|
| 2.50 | 50
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