📚 Year 7 AQA Economics: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 AQA Economics key terms quick revision guide. This article will help you understand, memorise and apply essential economic vocabulary using simple definitions and handy memory tricks. By mastering these terms, you will build a solid foundation in economics and learn to think like an economist.
欢迎来到七年级 AQA 经济学关键术语速记指南。本文将用简洁的定义和实用的记忆技巧，帮助你理解、记忆并运用基本的经济学词汇。掌握这些术语，你可以打下扎实的经济学基础，并学会像经济学家一样思考。
1. What is Economics? | 什么是经济学？
Economics is the social science that studies how people use scarce resources to produce goods and services, and how these are distributed to satisfy people's wants and needs. It focuses on the choices individuals, businesses and governments make every day.
经济学是一门社会科学，研究人们如何利用稀缺资源生产商品和服务，以及如何分配这些商品和服务来满足人们的欲望和需求。它关注个人、企业和政府每天做出的选择。
In simple terms, economics helps us answer questions like: 'Should I spend my pocket money on a comic or save it for a new game?' or 'Why does a concert ticket cost more than a cinema ticket?'
简单来说，经济学帮助我们回答这样的问题：‘我应该把零花钱花在漫画上，还是存起来买新游戏？’或者‘为什么演唱会门票比电影票贵？’
Memory aid: Think of 'economics' as 'the study of choices'. Whenever you hear the word, picture a person standing at a crossroads, deciding which path to take.
记忆技巧：把‘经济学’想象成‘关于选择的研究’。每当你听到这个词，就想象一个人站在十字路口，决定走哪条路。
2. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
A need is something you must have to survive, such as clean water, nutritious food, warm clothing and safe shelter. These are basic requirements for life.
需要是你生存所必需的物品，如洁净的水、营养的食物、保暖的衣物和安全的住所。这些都是基本的生活要求。
A want is something you would like to have but is not essential for survival. Examples include video games, designer trainers, holidays abroad and the latest smartphone. Wants are unlimited, but resources are not.
欲望是你想要但并非生存必需的物品。例如电子游戏、名牌运动鞋、海外度假和最新款的智能手机。欲望是无限的，但资源并非如此。
Memory trick: Needs are necessary for life; wants are simply wishes. Ask yourself: 'Can I survive without this?' If the answer is yes, it is a want.
记忆窍门：需要是生活必需的；欲望只是愿望。问问自己：‘没有这个我能活吗？’ 如果答案是能，那就是欲望。
3. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺与选择
Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem. It means that there are not enough resources – such as time, money, raw materials and workers – to produce everything that people want. Because of scarcity, we cannot have everything we desire, so we must make choices.
稀缺是根本的经济学问题。它意味着没有足够的资源——比如时间、金钱、原材料和劳动力——来生产人们想要的一切。由于稀缺性，我们无法拥有所有想要的东西，因此我们必须做出选择。
Every choice involves answering three basic economic questions: What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?
每个选择都涉及回答三个基本经济问题：生产什么？如何生产？为谁生产？
Memory aid: of a pizza with only eight slices but ten hungry friends. You must decide who gets a slice – a choice driven by scarcity.
记忆技巧：稀缺 → 选择。想象一个只有八块披萨却有十个饥饿的朋友。你必须决定谁能分到一块——这就是由稀缺驱动的选择。
4. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that you give up when making a choice. It is not all the other options, only the single best one you forgo.
机会成本是当你做出选择时，你所放弃的次优选择的价值。它不是所有其他选项，而仅仅是你放弃的那一个最好的选项。
For example, imagine you have £10. You can either buy a book or a cinema ticket. If you choose the book, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment you would have gained from watching the film.
例如，假设你有 10 英镑。你可以买一本书或一张电影票。如果你选了书，机会成本就是你看电影所能获得的乐趣。
Memory tip: Opportunity cost = the missed chance. Always ask: 'What am I giving up by taking this decision?'
记忆贴士：机会成本 = 错过的机会。永远要问：‘做出这个决定，我放弃了什么？’
5. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical, tangible items that you can see, touch and store. They can be divided into durable goods (e.g. a bicycle, furniture) that last a long time, and non-durable goods (e.g. a chocolate bar, a pencil) that are used up quickly.
商品是有形的、可以看、触摸和储存的物品。它们可以分为耐用品（如自行车、家具），可以使用很长时间，以及非耐用品（如巧克力棒、铅笔），很快就会被用完。
Services are intangible actions or activities provided by others, such as a haircut, a bus ride, a music lesson or a doctor's check-up. You cannot hold a service in your hand, but you benefit from it.
服务是由他人提供的无形行为或活动，例如理发、乘坐公交车、上音乐课或医生检查。你无法将服务握在手中，但能从中受益。
Quick recall: ings you can drop on your foot. Services = things you pay for but cannot physically touch.
快速记忆：商品 = 你能砸到脚的东西。服务 = 你花钱购买但无法实际触摸的东西。
6. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Resources used to produce goods and services are called factors of production. There are four main factors, often remembered by the acronym CELL: Capital, Enterprise, Land and Labour.
用于生产商品和服务的资源被称为生产要素。主要有四种要素，通常可用缩写 CELL 来记忆：资本（Capital）、企业家才能（Enterprise）、土地（Land）和劳动力（Labour）。
Land includes all natural resources – soil, water, forests, minerals and oil. The reward for land is rent.
土地包括所有自然资源——土壤、水、森林、矿产和石油。土地获得的报酬是地租。
Labour is the human effort, both physical and mental, used in production. The reward for labour is wages.
劳动力是生产中使用的体力和脑力劳动。劳动力获得的报酬是工资。
Capital refers to man-made tools, machinery and factories used to produce other goods. The reward for capital is interest.
资本是指用于生产其他商品的人造工具、机器和厂房。资本获得的报酬是利息。
Enterprise is the ability to bring the other three factors together, take risks and innovate. The reward for enterprise is profit.
企业家才能是将其他三种要素组合起来、承担风险和创新的能力。企业家才能获得的报酬是利润。
Visual memory: Picture a pizza shop – heat, labour = the chef, capital = the oven, enterprise = the owner who runs the business.
图像记忆：想象一家披萨店——土地 = 番茄和小麦，劳动力 = 厨师，资本 = 烤箱，企业家才能 = 经营店铺的老板。
7. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Demand is the willingness and ability of consumers to buy a good or service at different prices. Generally, when the price falls, demand rises.
需求是消费者在不同价格下购买某种商品或服务的意愿和能力。通常，价格下降时，需求会上升。
Supply is the willingness and ability of producers to offer a good or service for sale. Usually, when the price rises, supply increases.
供给是生产者在不同价格下提供商品或服务出售的意愿和能力。通常，价格上涨时，供给会增加。
The equilibrium price is where demand equals supply – the market clears and there is no shortage or surplus.
均衡价格是需求等于供给时的价格——市场出清，没有短缺或过剩。
Memory rule: e. Think of a popular toy at Christmas; many want it, but if stock is low, the price soars.
记忆法则：高需求 + 低供给 = 更高的价格。想想圣诞节的热门玩具；很多人想要，但如果库存少，价格就会飙升。
8. Money and Exchange | 货币与交换
Money is anything widely accepted as payment for goods and services. It performs three main functions: a medium of exchange (avoids barter), a unit of account (puts a value on items), and a store of value (holds its worth over time).
货币是任何被广泛接受作为商品和服务支付手段的东西。它具有三大功能：交换媒介（避免以物易物）、计价单位（为物品标价）和价值储藏（随时间保持其价值）。
Before money, people used barter – swapping one good for another. Barter requires a 'double coincidence of wants', which is very inefficient. Money solves this problem.
在货币出现之前，人们使用以物易物——用一件物品交换另一件。以物易物需要‘欲望的双重巧合’，效率极低。货币解决了这个问题。
Memory image: Imagine trying to pay for a haircut with a live chicken. Money makes trade much simpler and fairer.
记忆画面：想象一下试图用一只活鸡支付理发费用。货币使交易变得简单和公平得多。
9. Budgeting and Saving | 预算与储蓄
A budget is a plan that lists expected income and spending over a set period. It helps individuals and families manage money and avoid debt.
预算是列出一定时期内预期收入和开支的计划。它帮助个人和家庭管理金钱，避免债务。
Income can come from pocket money, a part-time job or gifts. Saving is the portion of income that is not spent on consumption. Savings can earn interest when deposited in a bank account.
收入可能来自零花钱、兼职工作或礼物。储蓄是收入中没有被消费掉的部分。储蓄存入银行账户可以获得利息。
Golden rule: Spend less than you earn. A simple budget helps you reach future goals, like buying a bicycle or funding a school trip.
黄金法则：支出少于收入。一份简单的预算能帮助你实现未来目标，比如购买一辆自行车或支付一次学校旅行的费用。
10. Specialisation | 专业化
Specialisation occurs when individuals, businesses or countries concentrate on producing a limited range of goods or services. By focusing on what they do best, they become more efficient and productive.
专业化是指个人、企业或国家专注于生产有限种类的商品或服务。通过专注于他们最擅长的事情，效率和生产能力得以提高。
A classic example is an assembly line in a factory, where each worker performs one specific task. This division of labour raises total output.
一个典型的例子是工厂的装配线，每个工人执行一项特定任务。这种劳动分工提高了总产量。
Specialisation also encourages trade, because people and countries must exchange their surplus output for goods they do not produce themselves.
专业化还促进了贸易，因为人们和国家必须将他们富余的产品交换他们自己不生产的商品。
Memory link: for other goods. Think of a baker who only makes bread but trades for meat and vegetables.
记忆链接：专业化 → 生产更多 → 用贸易换取其他商品。想象一位只做面包的面包师，用面包交换肉和蔬菜。
11. Market and Price | 市场与价格
A market is any place – physical or online – where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods, services or resources. It does not have to be a specific building; social media marketplaces and stock exchanges are markets too.
市场是任何买方和卖方聚集在一起交换商品、服务或资源的地方——无论是实体还是线上。它不必是某个特定建筑；社交媒体市场和证券交易所也是市场。
The price of a good in a market economy is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. Prices send signals: a high price encourages producers to supply more, while a low price encourages consumers to buy more.
在市场经济中，一种商品的价格由供给和需求的相互作用决定。价格传递信号：高价鼓励生产者增加供给，而低价鼓励消费者购买更多。
Visual reminder: Picture a farmers' market. Stalls (sellers) and shoppers (buyers) bargain until they agree on a price. That is the market in action.
图像提示：想象一个农贸市场。摊位（卖方）和购物者（买方）讨价还价，直到商定一个价格。这就是市场在运转。
12. Economic Agents | 经济主体
Economic agents are the decision-makers in an economy. The three main groups are households, firms and the government.
经济主体是经济中的决策者。三大主要群体是家庭、企业和政府。
Households are consumers. They own the factors of production – providing labour, land and capital – and receive income in return. They use this income to buy goods and services.
家庭是消费者。他们拥有生产要素——提供劳动力、土地和资本——并因此获得收入。他们用这些收入购买商品和服务。
Firms are producers. They combine factors of production to make goods and services, aiming to earn a profit.
企业是生产者。它们组合生产要素来制造商品和服务，目标是赚取利润。
The government sets rules, collects taxes and provides public services such as education, healthcare and roads. It also tries to keep the economy stable.
政府制定规则、征税并提供公共服务，如教育、医疗和道路。它还会努力保持经济稳定。
Memory pyramid: Households consume ↔ Firms produce ↔ Government regulates. All three are connected in a circular flow of money and goods.
记忆金字塔：家庭消费 ↔ 企业生产 ↔ 政府监管。三者通过货币和商品的循环流动联系在一起。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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