📚 Case Study Practice in Action | 案例分析实战演练
In Year 7 Economics, case studies help you connect theory to real-world situations. By examining a simple scenario, you can see how scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost influence everyday decisions. This article will guide you through a case study involving a school canteen, showing you step by step how to analyse an economic problem.
在七年级经济学中，案例分析有助于你将理论与现实世界联系起来。通过考察一个简单的场景，你可以看到稀缺性、选择和机会成本如何影响日常决策。本文将引导你完成一个学校食堂的案例研究，逐步展示如何分析一个经济问题。
1. What Is an Economic Case Study? | 什么是经济案例分析？
An economic case study is a detailed look at a real or imagined situation that involves making choices. It helps students apply concepts like demand, supply, and opportunity cost to practical problems.
经济案例分析是对涉及做出选择的真实或虚构情境的详细研究。它帮助学生将需求、供给和机会成本等概念应用于实际问题。
In Year 7, case studies are usually based on familiar settings such as a school, a local shop, or a family budget. These scenarios make it easier to understand how economic principles work in real life.
在七年级，案例研究通常基于学校、当地商店或家庭预算等熟悉的环境。这些场景让你更容易理解经济原理如何在现实生活中起作用。
For example, a case study might ask: 'Should the school canteen raise the price of pizza to increase profit?' To answer this, you need to think about scarcity of ingredients, demand from students, and the opportunity cost of using resources in different ways.
例如，一个案例研究可能问：学校食堂应该提高披萨价格以增加利润吗？要回答这个问题，你需要考虑原料的稀缺性、学生的需求以及以不同方式使用资源的机会成本。
2. Scarcity: The Fundamental Economic Problem | 稀缺性：基本经济问题
Scarcity means that there are not enough resources to satisfy all human wants. Even in a school canteen, the budget is limited, ingredients must be ordered in advance, and kitchen time is finite.
稀缺性意味着没有足够的资源来满足人类的所有欲望。即使在学校食堂，预算也是有限的，食材必须提前订购，厨房时间也是有限的。
Because of scarcity, every choice involves a trade-off. You can't have everything – you must decide what is most important. For instance, a canteen manager might have to choose between buying fresh fruit or stocking more snacks.
由于稀缺性，每个选择都涉及权衡。你不可能拥有一切——你必须决定什么最重要。例如，食堂经理可能不得不在购买新鲜水果或储存更多零食之间做出选择。
In economics, we say that resources are scarce, but wants are unlimited. This basic idea drives all economic decisions, from a student's pocket money to a government's national budget.
在经济学中，我们说资源是稀缺的，而欲望是无限的。这个基本思想推动了所有经济决策，从学生的零花钱到政府的国家预算。
3. Choice and Opportunity Cost | 选择与机会成本
When you make a choice, you give up the next best alternative. This is called the opportunity cost. For example, if you spend your £2 on a pizza slice, the opportunity cost is the sandwich or juice you could have bought instead.
当你做出选择时，你放弃的是次优选项。这被称为机会成本。例如，如果你花 2 英镑买一块披萨，机会成本就是你本可以购买的三明治或果汁。
Opportunity cost is not always about money; it can be time, enjoyment, or any other benefit you lose. In a canteen, if the staff spend an hour making fresh pasta, the opportunity cost might be the desserts they didn't have time to prepare.
机会成本并不总是关于金钱；它可以是你失去的时间、乐趣或任何其他利益。在食堂里，如果员工花一小时制作新鲜意大利面，机会成本可能是他们没有时间准备的甜点。
Opportunity Cost = Value of the Next Best Alternative Forgone
机会成本 = 放弃的次优选项的价值
4. Understanding Demand | 理解需求
Demand is the amount of a good or service that people are willing and able to buy at different prices. Usually, when the price goes up, demand goes down. This is the law of demand.
需求是指在不同的价格下，人们愿意并且能够购买的商品或服务的数量。通常，当价格上涨时，需求下降。这就是需求定律。
Imagine the school canteen sells pizza for £1.50 a slice. If the price increases to £2.00, some students might buy fewer slices or switch to a cheaper snack. Demand changes with price.
想象学校食堂以每块 1.50 英镑的价格出售披萨。如果价格涨到 2.00 英镑，一些学生可能会少买几块，或者转而选择更便宜的零食。需求随价格变化。
However, other factors can affect demand too, such as income (how much pocket money students have), tastes, and the price of related goods like chips or hot dogs.
然而，其他因素也会影响需求，例如收入（学生的零花钱）、口味，以及薯条或热狗等相关商品的价格。
5. The Supply Side | 供给方面
Supply is the quantity of a product that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. The law of supply states that as price rises, supply usually increases because producers can earn more profit.
供给是生产者在不同价格下愿意并能够出售的产品数量。供给定律指出，随着价格上涨，供给通常增加，因为生产者可以获得更多利润。
In the canteen case, if the price of pizza rises, the manager might be willing to make more pizzas to take advantage of the higher revenue. But supply is also limited by resources like oven capacity and staff hours.
在食堂案例中，如果披萨价格上升，经理可能愿意制作更多披萨以利用更高的收入。但供给也受到烤箱容量和员工工作时间等资源的限制。
When demand and supply interact, they determine the market price and quantity traded. Finding the right balance is key for any business, including a school canteen.
当需求与供给相互作用时，它们决定了市场价格和交易量。找到合适的平衡点对任何企业（包括学校食堂）都至关重要。
6. The School Canteen Case Study | 学校食堂案例研究
Let's dive into a specific case: the canteen at Hillside Secondary School is trying to increase its overall profit. The manager has two main options: raise the price of pizza, the most popular item, or reduce the cost of ingredients by buying cheaper cheese and tomatoes.
让我们深入一个具体案例：山坡中学的食堂正试图提高其整体利润。经理有两个主要选择：提高最受欢迎的披萨的价格，或通过购买更便宜的奶酪和番茄来降低原料成本。
The canteen has a fixed budget of £500 per week for ingredients. Currently, it sells 200 pizza slices per week at £1.50 each. The cost of ingredients per slice is £0.80, so the weekly profit from pizza is £0.70 × 200 = £140. Other items also contribute to profit, but pizza is the star.
食堂每周的食材预算固定为 500 英镑。目前，每周以每块 1.50 英镑的价格出售 200 块披萨。每块披萨的原料成本为 0.80 英镑，因此每周披萨的利润为 0.70 × 200 = 140 英镑。其他商品也贡献利润，但披萨是明星产品。
Option A: raise the price to £2.00. Some students may buy less, so expected sales could drop to 160 slices. Option B: switch to cheaper cheese, reducing cost to £0.65 per slice, but the taste might change, potentially affecting demand.
选项 A：将价格提高到 2.00 英镑。一些学生可能会减少购买，因此预期销量可能降至 160 块。选项 B：改用更便宜的奶酪，将每块披萨的成本降至 0.65 英镑，但口味可能会改变，从而可能影响需求。
7. Step-by-Step Analysis | 逐步分析
To solve this case study, we need to break down the problem. First, identify the economic concepts involved: scarcity (limited budget), choice (which option to pick), and opportunity cost (what is given up).
要解决这个案例，我们需要分解问题。首先，确定所涉及的经济概念：稀缺性（预算有限）、选择（选择哪个选项）和机会成本（放弃了什么）。
Second, look at the data. Option A: New price £2.00, quantity 160 slices, revenue £320, ingredient cost still £0.80 per slice, total cost £128, profit £192. Option B: price £1.50, quantity maybe stays at 200? But taste might reduce demand
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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