📚 Year 7 AQA Science: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary | Year 7 AQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 AQA Science vocabulary companion. Mastering scientific terms early not only boosts your confidence in class but also lays the foundation for tackling GCSEs. This guide groups essential keywords by topic, gives simple definitions, and shares memory tricks to help you recall them quickly. Let's turn tricky terminology into your superpower!
欢迎来到 Year 7 AQA 科学词汇伙伴。尽早掌握科学术语不仅能提升课堂上的自信心，也为应对 GCSE 打下坚实基础。本指南按主题整理必备关键词，给出简单定义，并分享记忆技巧，帮助你快速回想。让我们一起把难记的术语变成你的超能力！
1. Cells and Life Processes | 细胞与生命过程
All living organisms are built from tiny units called cells. In Year 7 you learn to identify the main parts of a cell – nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and for plant cells, the cell wall, chloroplasts and a large permanent vacuole. Remember MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition – these are the seven life processes that define a living thing.
所有生物都是由叫做细胞的微小单位构成的。在 Year 7 你要学会辨认细胞的主要结构：细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜，对于植物细胞还有细胞壁、叶绿体和一个大的中央液泡。记住 MRS GREN：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄与营养——这是界定生物体的七大生命过程。
- Nucleus – the control centre containing DNA. | 细胞核——含有 DNA 的控制中心。
- Cytoplasm – jelly-like substance where reactions happen. | 细胞质——发生化学反应的胶状物质。
- Chloroplasts – green discs that absorb light for photosynthesis. | 叶绿体——吸收光进行光合作用的绿色盘状结构。
To memorise the extra plant cell parts, think 'Big Wall, Green Chloroplasts, Large Vac' – that's three extras plants have.
想记住植物细胞多出的结构，就想想“大墙壁、绿叶绿体、大液泡”——植物比动物细胞多了这三样。
2. Particles and States of Matter | 粒子与物态
Everything is made of particles. The particle model helps explain why solids keep their shape, liquids flow and gases spread out. Solids have particles tightly packed in a regular pattern; liquids have particles close but moving past each other; gases have particles far apart, moving fast in all directions. When a substance changes state, the particles themselves stay the same – only their arrangement and energy change.
万物都由粒子组成。粒子模型有助于解释为什么固体保持形状、液体流动而气体扩散。固体的粒子紧密排列成规则图案；液体的粒子靠近但可以互相滑动；气体的粒子相距很远，朝各个方向快速运动。物质改变状态时，粒子本身不变——只有它们的排列方式和能量发生变化。
- Melting – solid to liquid. | 熔化——固体变为液体。
- Freezing – liquid to solid. | 凝固——液体变为固体。
- Boiling / Evaporating – liquid to gas. | 沸腾/蒸发——液体变为气体。
- Condensing – gas to liquid. | 冷凝——气体变为液体。
- Sublimation – solid directly to gas. | 升华——固体直接变为气体。
s as tiny people in a dance: solid = frozen statue, liquid = slow dance, gas = crazy party! That helps you picture how they move.
把粒子想象成跳舞的小人：固体是定格的雕像，液体是慢舞，气体是疯狂的派对！这样可以帮助你想象它们如何运动。
3. Atoms and Elements | 原子与元素
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist. Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom, listed on the Periodic Table. All matter is built from about 100 different elements. Each element has a chemical symbol – often one or two letters, like O for oxygen and Fe for iron. The symbol always starts with a capital letter.
原子是元素能够存在的最小粒子。元素是只由一种原子组成的纯净物，排列在元素周期表中。所有物质都由大约 100 种不同的元素构成。每种元素有一个化学符号——通常是一个或两个字母，如氧的符号是 O，铁的符号是 Fe。符号首字母永远大写。
| Element | Symbol | 中文 |
| Hydrogen | H | 氢 |
| Carbon | C | 碳 |
| Oxygen | O | 氧 |
| Nitrogen | N | 氮 |
| Iron | Fe | 铁 |
A useful trick: say the name of the element aloud, then match its symbol. 'Iron' sounds like 'Fe' from its Latin name 'ferrum'. That's why some symbols look odd!
一个实用小技巧：大声念出元素的名字，再配对其符号。“铁”听起来像拉丁名“ferrum”的缩写 Fe。这就是为什么有些符号看起来很奇怪！
4. Compounds and Mixtures | 化合物与混合物
When two or more different elements join chemically, they form a compound. The atoms are held together by chemical bonds, giving the compound fixed proportions. For example, water (H₂O) always has two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom. A mixture, on the other hand, contains two or more substances not chemically combined – like sand and salt. Mixtures can be separated by physical methods such as filtration or evaporation.
当两种或多种不同的元素通过化学方式结合时，就形成了化合物。原子由化学键连接在一起，使得组成比例固定。例如，水 (H₂O) 中每两个氢原子对应一个氧原子。而混合物包含两种或多种未发生化学结合的物质——比如沙子和盐。混合物可以通过过滤或蒸发等物理方法分离。
- Compound – chemically bonded, fixed ratio, properties different from its elements. | 化合物——化学结合，比例固定，性质与组成元素不同。
- Mixture – no chemical bond, can vary in composition, properties similar to its parts. | 混合物——没有化学键，组成可变，性质接近于各组分。
Think of a compound like a cake – once baked, you cannot easily separate the flour from the sugar. A mixture is like a fruit salad – you can pick out the bits.
把化合物想象成烤好的蛋糕——一旦烤好，你无法轻易把面粉和糖分开。混合物则像水果沙拉——你可以把各种水果挑出来。
5. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
itate (solid) forming. Reactants are the starting materials, and products are what you get. The mass stays the same in a closed system – mass. A word equation shows the reaction, e.g., methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
化学反应会产生新物质。你通过观察到颜色变化、冒泡（产生气体）、温度变化或生成沉淀（固体）等现象来判断反应。反应物是起始物质，生成物是最终产物。在密闭系统中，质量保持不变——这就是质量守恒定律。文字方程式可以表示反应，例如：甲烷 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。
Reactants → Products
- Exothermic reaction – gives out heat. | 放热反应——释放热量。
- Endothermic reaction – takes in heat. | 吸热反应——吸收热量。
Use 'SIGN' to remember clues of a reaction: Smell change, Invisible gas bubbles, Glow/light, New colour. You'll never miss a chemical change.
用“SIGN”记忆反应的线索：S 气味变化、I 看不见的气泡、G 发光/光、N 新颜色。这样你就不会错过任何一个化学变化。
6. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
Acids have a sour taste (never taste in the lab!), turn blue litmus red, and have a pH less than 7. Alkalis feel soapy, turn red litmus blue, and have a pH greater than 7. A neutral solution has a pH of 7, like pure water. The pH scale runs from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline). Universal indicator shows a range of colours from red for acids, green for neutral, to purple for strong alkalis.
酸有酸味（实验室里绝不可品尝！），能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红，pH 小于 7。碱摸起来滑腻，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝，pH 大于 7。中性溶液的 pH 为 7，比如纯水。pH 标度从 0（强酸）到 14（强碱）。通用指示剂显示一系列颜色：酸呈红色，中性呈绿色，强碱呈紫色。
- Acid: pH < 7, e.g. hydrochloric acid, lemon juice. | 酸：pH < 7，如盐酸、柠檬汁。
- Alkali: pH > 7, e.g. sodium hydroxide, soap. | 碱：pH > 7，如氢氧化钠、肥皂。
Salt + Water. It is really useful, for example, in treating stings or settling an upset stomach.
中和是酸与碱之间的反应：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。这个反应非常实用，例如处理蛰伤或者安抚胃部不适。
7. Forces | 力
A force is a push or a pull, measured in newtons (N). Forces can change the speed, direction or shape of an object. Balanced forces mean an object stays still or moves at constant speed; unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration. Contact forces include friction and air resistance, while non-contact forces include gravity, magnetism and electrostatic force.
力是推或拉，单位是牛顿 (N)。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。平衡力意味着物体保持静止或匀速运动；非平衡力则引起加速或减速。接触力包括摩擦力和空气阻力，非接触力包括重力、磁力和静电力。
- Friction – force that opposes motion between surfaces. | 摩擦力——阻碍表面相对运动的力。
- Gravity – force of attraction between masses; on Earth it pulls objects down with a weight. | 重力——质量之间的吸引力；在地球上它将物体向下拉，产生重量。
- Upthrust – upward force in a liquid or gas. | 浮力——液体或气体中向上的力。
Draw forces as arrows; the arrow direction shows the direction of the force, and its length shows the strength. A long gravity arrow can be balanced by a matching upthrust arrow.
用箭头表示力；箭头的方向表示力的方向，长度表示力的大小。一个长的重力箭头可以被一个等长的浮力箭头平衡。
8. Energy Forms and Transfers | 能量形式与转移
Energy is the ability to do work, measured in joules (J). There are many stores: kinetic (movement), thermal (heat), chemical (fuels, food), gravitational potential (height), elastic potential (stretched springs), nuclear and magnetic. Energy can be transferred between stores by forces, heating, electricity or radiation. The law of conservation of energy says energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳 (J)。能量有多种形式：动能（运动）、热能（热量）、化学能（燃料、食物）、重力势能（高度）、弹性势能（拉伸的弹簧）、核能和磁能。能量可以通过力、加热、电流或辐射在不同形式之间转移。能量守恒定律指出，能量不能被创造或消灭，只能转移或转化。
ergy + thermal energy. Get used to drawing energy transfer diagrams with arrows and boxes.
灯泡是一个很好的例子：电池中的化学能 → 电能 → 光能 + 热能。要习惯用箭头和方框绘制能量转移图。
9. Electricity Basics | 基础电学
An electric circuit needs a complete loop for current to flow. Current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (potential difference) is the 'push' that drives the current, measured in volts (V). Components include cells (batteries), bulbs, switches and resistors. Conductors (like metals) allow current to flow easily; insulators (like plastic) block it.
电路需要一个完整回路才能使电流流动。电流是电荷的流动，单位是安培 (A)。电压（电位差）是驱动电流的“推力”，单位是伏特 (V)。电路元件包括电池、灯泡、开关和电阻器。导体（如金属）允许电流轻松通过；绝缘体（如塑料）则阻断电流。
Current = Charge ÷ Time (often introduced as I = Q/t, but focus on the idea)
In series circuits, current is the same everywhere; in parallel circuits, current splits and combines. Think of current like water flow – pipes divide the flow just like wires.
在串联电路中，各处电流相同；在并联电路中，电流会分流再合并。把电流想象成水流——管道分叉就像导线分路。
10. Waves, Sound and Light | 波、声音与光
Waves transfer energy without moving matter. Sound travels as longitudinal waves through solids, liquids and gases, but cannot travel in a vacuum. Light travels as transverse electromagnetic waves and can move through a vacuum. The loudness of a sound depends on amplitude; pitch depends on frequency. Light reflects off surfaces and can be refracted when passing between different media.
波传递能量而不移动物质。声音以纵波的形式穿过固体、液体和气体，但不能在真空中传播。光以横电磁波的形式传播，能在真空中传播。声音的大小取决于振幅；音调取决于频率。光在物体表面发生反射，在不同介质之间传播时会发生折射。
- Amplitude – height of wave, linked to energy. | 振幅——波的高度，与能量相关。
- Frequency – number of waves per second, in hertz (Hz). | 频率——每秒的波数，单位赫兹 (Hz)。
- Wavelength – distance between two crests. | 波长——两个波峰之间的距离。
Use the ripple tank in your mind: a big splash (high amplitude) makes tall ripples, many quick splashes (high frequency) give closely packed ripples.
在脑海中想象一个波纹水槽：大的水花（高振幅）产生高的波纹，许多快速的水花（高频率）产生密集排列的波纹。
11. The Solar System and Beyond | 太阳系与宇宙
Our Solar System consists of the Sun, eight planets, their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids and comets. The order from the Sun is Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Gravity keeps the planets in orbit. The Earth rotates on its axis once a day, causing day and night, and orbits the Sun once every 365¼ days, giving us a year and seasons due to the axis tilt.
我们的太阳系由太阳、八大行星、卫星、矮行星、小行星和彗星组成。距太阳由近到远依次是：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星。万有引力使行星保持在轨道上。地球每天绕地轴自转一周，产生昼夜变化；每 365¼ 天绕太阳公转一周，带来一年四季（由地轴倾斜造成）。
A saying to remember planet order: 'My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Noodles' – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
记住行星顺序的口诀：“My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Noodles” —— 水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。
12. Scientific Enquiry Terms | 科学研究术语
In Year 7 you carry out experiments, so you need the language of science investigations. A hypothesis is an idea you test. The independent variable is the one you change; the dependent variable is the one you measure; control variables are kept the same. Anomalous results are those that don't fit the pattern and are often repeated or discarded.
Year 7 里你会动手做实验，因此你需要掌握科学探究的语言。假设是你想验证的想法。自变量是你改变的变量；因变量是你测量的变量；控制变量则保持不变。异常结果是那些不符合规律的数据点，通常需要重复实验或剔除。
- Hypothesis – a testable prediction, e.g. "If I increase the temperature, the rate of reaction will increase." | 假设——可检验的预测，例如“如果升高温度，反应速率会增大。”
- Variables: independent (change), dependent (measure), control (keep same). | 变量：自变量（改变）、因变量（测量）、控制变量（保持不变）。
- Conclusion – summary that states whether the hypothesis was supported. | 结论——总结，说明假设是否得到支持。
Think 'Cows Moo Softly' to remember the variable types: Change (independent), Measure (dependent), Stay the same (control). That will keep your experiment design sharp.
用“Cows Moo Softly”记忆变量类型：Change（改变 — 自变量）、Measure（测量 — 因变量）、Stay the same（保持不变 — 控制变量）。这样能让你的实验设计更加清晰。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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