📚 Year 7 AQA Science: Core Knowledge Checklist | 英国初中七年级 AQA 科学核心知识点梳理
This guide provides a comprehensive review of the core knowledge required for Year 7 AQA Science. It covers key biology, chemistry, and physics concepts, along with essential working scientifically skills, to help you build a solid foundation and prepare effectively for assessments.
本指南全面回顾了英国初中七年级 AQA 科学课程所需的核心知识点。它涵盖了关键的生物学、化学和物理学概念，以及基本的科学探究技能，帮助你打下坚实的基础，并为考试评估做好充分准备。
1. Working Scientifically | 科学探究方法
In science, a fair test means changing only one factor (the independent variable) and measuring its effect on another (the dependent variable), while keeping all other factors constant (control variables).
在科学中，公平实验是指只改变一个因素（自变量），测量它对另一个因素（因变量）的影响，同时保持其他所有因素不变（控制变量）。
Careful observations using the five senses, or instruments like thermometers and microscopes, are recorded in tables. Data is then displayed using bar charts or line graphs with labelled axes and units.
使用五种感官或像温度计、显微镜等仪器进行仔细观察，结果记录在表格中。然后使用条形图或线状图展示数据，并标注坐标轴和单位。
When evaluating an experiment, you identify whether the results support the prediction, suggest improvements, and point out any anomalies or unexpected results.
在评估实验时，你需要判断结果是否支持假设，提出改进建议，并指出任何异常或意外的结果。
2. Cells – The Building Blocks of Life | 细胞——生命的基本单位
All living organisms are made of cells. Plant and animal cells share common structures: a nucleus (controls activities), cytoplasm (where reactions occur), a cell membrane (controls what enters and leaves), and mitochondria (release energy through respiration).
所有生物体都由细胞构成。植物和动物细胞有一些共同结构：细胞核（控制细胞活动）、细胞质（发生化学反应的场所）、细胞膜（控制物质进出）和线粒体（通过呼吸作用释放能量）。
Plant cells have additional parts: a rigid cell wall (made of cellulose), a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, and chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
植物细胞还有一些额外的结构：坚硬的细胞壁（由纤维素构成）、充满细胞液的大液泡，以及含有叶绿素的叶绿体，用于光合作用。
mple, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which makes up the heart, part of the circulatory system.
组织层次：细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体。例如，肌细胞构成肌肉组织，肌肉组织构成心脏，心脏属于循环系统。
nergy for life processes. The word equation is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
细胞呼吸为生命过程释放能量。其文字方程式为：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。
3. Reproduction in Humans | 人类的生殖
Puberty is when the body becomes capable of reproduction. In males, the testes produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. In females, the ovaries release eggs (ova) and produce oestrogen.
青春期是身体具备生殖能力的时期。男性睾丸产生精子和睾酮激素，女性卵巢释放卵子并产生雌激素。
Fertilisation is the fusion of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, forming a zygote. This usually occurs in the oviduct (fallopian tube).
受精是精子细胞核与卵细胞核融合，形成受精卵的过程。这通常发生在输卵管中。
The zygote divides many times to form an embryo, which implants in the uterus lining. The placenta allows exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste between mother and embryo, but prevents mixing of blood.
受精卵多次分裂形成胚胎，胚胎着床在子宫内膜上。胎盘允许母体和胚胎之间交换营养、氧气和废物，但阻止血液混合。
Gestation lasts about 40 weeks. During birth, the cervix dilates and muscles in the uterus contract to push the baby out.
妊娠期大约持续40周。分娩时，宫颈扩张，子宫肌肉收缩将婴儿推出体外。
4. Digestion and Healthy Eating | 消化与健康饮食
A balanced diet contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), vitamins, minerals, fibre and water. Each nutrient has a specific role: carbohydrates provide energy; proteins are for growth and repair; lipids store energy and insulate.
均衡饮食包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类（脂肪）、维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维和水。每种营养素都有特定作用：碳水化合物提供能量；蛋白质用于生长和修复；脂类储存能量并起隔热作用。
Digestion breaks large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Enzymes act as biological catalysts, speeding up digestion without being used up.
消化将大的、不溶的分子分解成小的、可溶的分子，以便被吸收进入血液。酶作为生物催化剂，能加速消化过程而自身不被消耗。
Key organs: mouth (chewing, amylase starts starch breakdown), stomach (acid kills bacteria, pepsin digests proteins), small intestine (most digestion and absorption occurs here), large intestine (absorbs water).
关键器官：口腔（咀嚼，淀粉酶开始分解淀粉）、胃（胃酸杀菌，胃蛋白酶消化蛋白质）、小肠（大部分消化和吸收在此进行）、大肠（吸收水分）。
The products of digestion, such as glucose and amino acids, pass through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream via diffusion and active transport.
消化产物（如葡萄糖和氨基酸）通过扩散和主动运输穿过小肠壁进入血液。
5. The Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
All substances are made of tiny, moving particles. In solids, particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, particles are close but can move past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.
所有物质都由微小、运动的粒子构成。固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则的结构，并在固定位置振动。液体中，粒子彼此靠近但能相互滑动。气体中，粒子间距很大，朝各个方向快速运动。
s) require energy. Condensing (gas → liquid) and freezing (liquid → solid) release energy.
当能量转移时，状态发生变化。熔化（固体→液体）和沸腾（液体→气体）需要吸收能量；冷凝（气体→液体）和凝固（液体→固体）则释放能量。
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. It occurs faster in gases than in liquids, and even more slowly in solids.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域运动的过程。气体中的扩散比液体中快，固体中则更慢。
Limitations: the particle model uses simple spheres to represent particles, but it cannot explain forces between particles or the difference in strength of bonds.
局限性：粒子模型用简单的球来表示粒子，但无法解释粒子之间的作用力或键强度的差异。
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