📚 Year 7 AQA Biology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | Year 7 AQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is the first step to doing well in Year 7 AQA Biology. This guide breaks down the essential terms you need to know, pairing clear English definitions with Chinese translations and memory tricks to help you learn faster and remember longer.
掌握科学词汇是在 Year 7 AQA 生物中取得好成绩的第一步。本指南将你需要知道的重要术语一一拆解，用清晰的英文定义和中文翻译配对，并附上记忆技巧，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. The Seven Life Processes | 七大生命过程
Biologists use the acronym MRS GREN to remember the seven characteristics that all living organisms share.
生物学家使用首字母缩写 MRS GREN 来记住所有生物共有的七大特征。
Movement – an action by an organism causing a change of position or place.
运动 – 生物体引起位置或地点改变的动作。
Respiration – a chemical reaction that releases energy from food; it occurs in every living cell.
呼吸作用 – 从食物中释放能量的化学反应；发生在每个活细胞中。
Sensitivity – the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.
应激性 – 探测并响应环境变化的能力。
Growth – a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size.
生长 – 通过细胞数量或体积的增加实现大小和干重的永久性增长。
Reproduction – the production of offspring, either sexually or asexually.
生殖 – 产生后代的过程，分为有性生殖和无性生殖。
Excretion – the removal of toxic waste products produced by metabolic reactions.
排泄 – 清除新陈代谢产生的有毒废物的过程。
Nutrition – taking in and using food as a source of energy and raw materials for growth.
营养 – 摄取并利用食物作为能量来源和生长所需的原料。
2. Animal and Plant Cells | 动物细胞与植物细胞
Every living thing is made of cells. Animal cells and plant cells share some structures, but plant cells have three extra parts.
所有生物都由细胞构成。动物细胞和植物细胞有一些共同的结构，但植物细胞多出三个部分。
Cell membrane – the thin outer layer that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜 – 控制物质进出细胞的薄外层。
Cytoplasm – a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions happen.
细胞质 – 果冻状物质，大多数化学反应在这里进行。
Nucleus – contains genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities.
细胞核 – 含有遗传物质 (DNA)，控制细胞的活动。
Mitochondria – tiny structures where respiration occurs, releasing energy.
线粒体 – 进行呼吸作用、释放能量的微小结构。
Cell wall (plants only) – a rigid outer layer made of cellulose that supports and strengthens the cell.
细胞壁 (仅植物) – 由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，起支持和加固作用。
Chloroplast (plants only) – contains chlorophyll and absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿体 (仅植物) – 含有叶绿素，吸收光能进行光合作用。
Permanent vacuole (plants only) – a large space filled with cell sap that helps keep the cell turgid.
液泡 (仅植物) – 充满细胞液的大空间，帮助保持细胞硬挺。
3. Specialised Cells | 特化细胞
Many cells have adaptations that allow them to carry out specific jobs. Remembering their shapes will help you recall their functions.
许多细胞具有适应结构来执行特定功能。记住它们的形状有助于你回想它们的功能。
Sperm cell – has a long tail (flagellum) to swim, many mitochondria for energy, and enzymes in its head to break through the egg coating.
精子细胞 – 有一条长长的尾巴 (鞭毛) 用于游泳、许多线粒体提供能量，头部还有酶可以突破卵子外层。
Egg cell (ovum) – large and contains yolk for nutrients; its jelly-like coating changes after fertilisation to stop more sperm entering.
卵细胞 – 体积大，含有卵黄作为营养；果冻状外衣在受精后发生变化，阻止更多精子进入。
Red blood cell – has a biconcave disc shape to increase surface area for carrying oxygen; it has no nucleus to make more room for haemoglobin.
红细胞 – 双凹圆盘状，增大表面积以携带氧气；没有细胞核，为血红蛋白腾出空间。
Ciliated epithelial cell – lines airways and has tiny hair-like cilia that sweep mucus and trapped particles away from lungs.
纤毛上皮细胞 – 排列在气道上，有微小的发丝状纤毛，将黏液及捕获的颗粒扫离肺部。
Root hair cell – a long, thin projection that increases surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from soil.
根毛细胞 – 长而薄的突起，增大表面积以吸收土壤中的水分和矿物质离子。
Palisade cell – packed with chloroplasts, found near the top of a leaf to capture maximum light for photosynthesis.
栅栏细胞 – 充满叶绿体，位于叶片顶部附近，以捕获最多的光能进行光合作用。
4. Levels of Organisation | 组织层次
In multicellular organisms, cells are grouped into increasingly complex levels. Think of them as building blocks.
在多细胞生物中，细胞被组合成越来越复杂的层次。可以把它们想象成搭建积木。
Cell – the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.
细胞 – 生物体最小的结构和功能单位。
Tissue – a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function, e.g. muscle tissue.
组织 – 一群相似的细胞协同工作来执行特定功能，例如肌肉组织。
Organ – a structure made of different tissues working together, e.g. the heart.
器官 – 由不同组织构成的协同工作的结构，例如心脏。
Organ system – a group of organs that work together to carry out a major life process, e.g. the digestive system.
器官系统 – 一组器官协同执行某个主要生命过程，例如消化系统。
Organism – a complete living thing made up of many organ systems, e.g. a human.
生物体 – 由多个器官系统构成的完整生命个体，例如人。
5. The Human Skeleton | 人体骨骼
The skeleton is more than just a frame; it has several vital jobs. Use the phrase 'Some People Make Blood Storing' to remember its roles.
骨骼不仅仅是一个架子，它有好几个重要功能。用 'Some People Make Blood Storing' 来记住它的角色。
Skeleton – the rigid framework of bones that supports the body.
骨骼 – 由骨头构成的坚硬框架，支撑着身体。
Support – bones hold the body upright and provide shape.
支持 – 骨骼使身体直立并赋予外形。
Protection – bones protect delicate organs, e.g. the skull protects the brain, ribs protect the heart and lungs.
保护 – 骨骼保护脆弱的器官，例如头骨保护大脑，肋骨保护心脏和肺。
Movement – muscles pull on bones at joints to create movement.
运动 – 肌肉在关节处牵拉骨骼产生运动。
Making blood cells – bone marrow inside some bones produces red blood cells and white blood cells.
制造血细胞 – 某些骨头内部的骨髓制造红细胞和白细胞。
Storage of minerals – bones store calcium and phosphorus, which can be released when needed.
储存矿物质 – 骨骼储存钙和磷，需要时可以被释放。
Joint – a place where two or more bones meet; allows controlled movement in many directions.
关节 – 两块或多块骨头相遇的地方；允许在多个方向上受控运动。
Cartilage – a smooth, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint, reducing friction.
软骨 – 覆盖在关节骨末端的光滑组织，减少摩擦。
Ligaments – strong, elastic bands of tissue that connect bone to bone, stabilising the joint.
韧带 – 坚固且有弹性的组织带，将骨与骨连接起来，稳定关节。
6. Muscles and Movement | 肌肉与运动
Muscles work in pairs to move bones. They can only pull, never push, so each pair has an opposing action.
肌肉成对工作来移动骨头。它们只能拉，不能推，所以每一对都具有相反的动作。
Antagonistic muscle pair – two muscles that work together by pulling in opposite directions, e.g. biceps and triceps.
拮抗肌对 – 两块肌肉通过向相反方向牵拉来协同工作，例如肱二头肌和肱三头肌。
Biceps – the muscle at the front of the upper arm that contracts to bend the elbow.
肱二头肌 – 上臂前方的肌肉，收缩时使肘部弯曲。
Triceps – the muscle at the back of the upper arm that contracts to straighten the elbow.
肱三头肌 – 上臂后方的肌肉，收缩时使肘部伸直。
Contract – to shorten and become thicker; the active muscle in a movement.
收缩 – 变短变粗；是运动中的主动肌。
Relax – to lengthen and become thinner; the muscle that is not actively pulling.
舒张 – 变长变细；不主动牵拉的肌肉。
Tendon – a tough, non-elastic cord that attaches muscle to bone.
肌腱 – 坚韧而无弹性的索，将肌肉附着在骨头上。
7. Reproductive Systems | 生殖系统
Knowing the names of the main reproductive organs is important. These terms describe where gametes are made and how they meet.
知道主要生殖器官的名称很重要。这些术语描述配子在哪里制造以及它们如何相遇。
Testis (plural testes) – male organ that produces sperm cells and the hormone testosterone.
睾丸 – 产生精子细胞和睾酮激素的男性器官。
Sperm duct – tube that carries sperm from the testis to the urethra.
输精管 – 将精子从睾丸输送到尿道的管道。
Urethra – tube that carries urine from the bladder and, in males, also sperm during ejaculation.
尿道 – 将尿液从膀胱引出的管道，在男性中也是射精时精子的通道。
Penis – organ that delivers sperm into the female's body.
阴茎 – 将精子送入女性体内的器官。
Ovary – female organ that produces egg cells (ova) and hormones like oestrogen.
卵巢 – 产生卵细胞和雌激素等激素的女性器官。
Oviduct (fallopian tube) – tube where fertilisation normally takes place; carries the egg to the uterus.
输卵管 – 通常发生受精的管道；将卵子运送到子宫。
Uterus (womb) – muscular organ where a fertilised egg implants and develops into a baby.
子宫 – 肌肉器官，受精卵在此着床并发育成婴儿。
Vagina – muscular tube that receives sperm during intercourse and is the birth canal.
阴道 – 性交时接收精子的肌肉管道，也是分娩时的产道。
8. Habitats and Adaptations | 栖息地与适应
Organisms live in places that suit their way of life. The features that help them survive are called adaptations.
生物生活在适合它们生活方式的地方。帮助它们生存的特征称为适应。
Habitat – the specific place where an organism lives, e.g. a pond, forest or under a log.
栖息地 – 生物生存的具体地点，例如池塘、森林或原木下。
Ecosystem – all the organisms living in an area, along with the non-living parts of their environment, interacting as a system.
生态系统 – 生活在某个区域的所有生物与其环境中非生物部分相互作用形成的系统。
Population – all the individuals of the same species living in a particular habitat at the same time.
种群 – 同一时间内生活在特定栖息地的同种所有个体。
Community – all the populations of different species living and interacting in the same habitat.
群落 – 在同一栖息地中生活并相互作用的不同物种的所有种群。
Adaptation – a feature of an organism that helps it survive and reproduce in its habitat, e.g. thick fur in polar bears.
适应 – 生物体有助于在其栖息地生存和繁殖的特征，例如北极熊的厚毛。
Camouflage – colouring or pattern that helps an organism blend in with its surroundings to avoid predators or surprise prey.
伪装 – 帮助生物体融入周围环境的颜色或图案，以躲避捕食者或伏击猎物。
9. Food Chains and Feeding Relationships | 食物链与食性关系
A food chain shows what eats what in an ecosystem. The arrows always point in the direction energy moves – from food to feeder.
食物链显示生态系统中谁吃谁。箭头总是指向能量流动的方向——从食物到取食者。
Producer – an organism, usually a green plant or alga, that makes its own food using energy from sunlight through photosynthesis.
生产者 – 通常为绿色植物或藻类，利用太阳光能通过光合作用制造自身食物的生物。
Consumer – an organism that feeds on other organisms because it cannot make its own food. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
消费者 – 以其他生物为食的生物，因为它不能自己制造食物。初级消费者吃生产者；次级消费者吃初级消费者。
Herbivore – an animal that eats only plants, e.g. rabbit, cow.
草食动物 – 只吃植物的动物，例如兔子、牛。
Carnivore – an animal that eats only other animals, e.g. lion, hawk.
肉食动物 – 只吃其他动物的动物，例如狮子、鹰。
Omnivore – an animal that eats both plants and animals, e.g. human, bear.
杂食动物 – 既吃植物也吃动物的动物，例如人、熊。
Predator – an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food.
捕食者 – 捕杀其他动物作为食物的动物。
Prey – an animal that is hunted and eaten by a predator.
猎物 – 被捕食者捕食的动物。
Decomposer – an organism, such as bacteria or fungi, that breaks down dead matter and waste, recycling nutrients back into the soil.
分解者 – 如细菌或真菌等生物，将死物和废物分解，把养分循环回土壤中。
10. Variation and Classification | 变异与分类
Not all individuals are the same. Variation is the reason, and classification helps us sort life into manageable groups.
并非所有个体都相同。变异是原因，而分类帮助我们按易管理的组群整理生命。
Species – a group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring.
物种 – 能够相互交配并产生可育后代的一群生物。
Variation – the differences between individuals of the same species; can be continuous (e.g. height) or discontinuous (e.g. eye colour).
变异 – 同一物种个体间的差异；可以是连续变异 (如身高) 或不连续变异 (如眼睛颜色)。
Continuous variation – a range of differences that can be measured on a scale and is influenced by many genes and the environment, e.g. body mass.
连续变异 – 可用刻度测量的差异范围，受许多基因和环境的影响，例如体重。
Discontinuous variation – distinct categories of difference determined by a small number of genes with no intermediates, e.g. tongue rolling.
不连续变异 – 由少量基因决定的明显差异类别，无中间类型，例如能否卷舌。
Classify – to sort living things into groups according to their similarities and differences.
分类 – 根据相似性和差异性将生物排序分组的做法。
Vertebrate – an animal with a backbone, e.g. mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish.
脊椎动物 – 有脊柱的动物，例如哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物、鱼类。
Invertebrate – an animal without a backbone, e.g. insects, spiders, worms, jellyfish.
无脊椎动物 – 没有脊柱的动物，例如昆虫、蜘蛛、蠕虫、水母。
11. Scientific Enquiry Vocabulary | 科学探究词汇
In biology practicals you will meet several terms that describe how you plan and evaluate experiments. Learn them early to write like a scientist.
在生物实验课中，你会遇到一些描述如何设计和评估实验的术语
Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图