📚 Year 7 AQA Biology: Rapid Vocabulary and Terminology Memory Guide | Year 7 AQA 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key vocabulary is the first step towards excellence in science. In Year 7 AQA Biology, you will encounter many new terms that describe the living world, from tiny cells to entire ecosystems. This guide provides clear definitions, practical examples, and clever memory tricks to help you remember essential biological terminology with confidence.
掌握关键词汇是通往科学卓越的第一步。在 Year 7 AQA 生物中，你会遇到许多描述生命世界的新术语，从微小的细胞到整个生态系统。本指南提供清晰的定义、实例和巧妙的记忆方法，帮助你自信地记住基本的生物学术语。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit that makes up all living organisms. Some organisms are unicellular (single-celled), while others are multicellular. A cell can survive independently, carrying out essential life processes.
细胞是构成所有生物体最小的结构和功能单位。有些生物是单细胞的，有些是多细胞的。细胞能够独立存活，并进行必要的生命活动。
The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls which substances enter and leave. In animal cells, it is the outermost layer; in plant cells, it lies just inside the cell wall. Think of it as a selective 'gate keeper'.
细胞膜包围着细胞，控制物质的进出。在动物细胞中，它是细胞最外层的结构；在植物细胞中，它位于细胞壁内侧。你可以把它想象成一个有选择性的'守门员'。
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell, where most chemical reactions take place. It contains dissolved nutrients, salts and enzymes. It surrounds and supports the organelles.
细胞质是一种充满细胞的胶状物质，大多数的化学反应在此发生。它含有溶解的营养物质、盐和酶，包围并支撑着各种细胞器。
The nucleus acts as the control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that directs all activities, including growth and repair. It is the largest organelle in most animal cells.
细胞核是细胞的控制中心，含有指导一切生命活动（包括生长和修复）的遗传物质（DNA）。在大多数动物细胞中，它是最大的细胞器。
Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles where aerobic respiration occurs, releasing energy from glucose. They are often called the 'powerhouses' of the cell. Active cells like muscle cells have many mitochondria.
线粒体是棒状的细胞器，有氧呼吸在此发生，从葡萄糖中释放能量。它们常被称作细胞的'发电站'。活跃的细胞如肌肉细胞拥有大量的线粒体。
Plant cells have three additional structures. The cell wall is a rigid outer layer made of cellulose that provides support and shape. Chloroplasts contain green chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis. A permanent vacuole stores cell sap and helps keep the cell turgid.
植物细胞有三个额外的结构。细胞壁是由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，提供支撑并维持形状。叶绿体含有绿色的叶绿素，是光合作用的场所。永久的液泡储存细胞液并有助于保持细胞的硬挺。
A quick mnemonic for animal cell parts: 'Most New Cats Miaow' (Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria). For plant cell, add 'Cell Walls Constantly Vacuum' — Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Vacuole.
动物细胞结构记忆法：'Most New Cats Miaow' — 细胞膜(Membrane)、细胞核(Nucleus)、细胞质(Cytoplasm)、线粒体(Mitochondria)。植物细胞额外记 'Cell Walls Constantly Vacuum' — 细胞壁(Cell Wall)、叶绿体(Chloroplast)、液泡(Vacuole)。
2. Levels of Organisation | 组织层次
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function forms a tissue. For example, muscle tissue consists of muscle cells that contract to produce movement.
一组相似的细胞共同执行特定功能，形成组织。例如，肌肉组织由可以收缩产生运动的肌细胞组成。
An organ is made up of different tissues that work together. The heart is an organ containing muscle tissue, nervous tissue and connective tissue, all cooperating to pump blood.
器官由共同协作的不同组织构成。心脏是一个器官，包含肌肉组织、神经组织和结缔组织，它们协同工作以泵送血液。
Several organs with related functions form an organ system. The digestive system includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines and liver, all involved in breaking down and absorbing food.
若干功能相关的器官构成器官系统。消化系统包括口腔、食道、胃、肠和肝脏，它们共同参与食物的分解和吸收。
All the organ systems working together make up the whole organism. Humans and other complex multicellular organisms rely on coordinated systems to survive.
所有器官系统协作构成完整的生物体。人类和其他复杂的多细胞生物依赖协同的系统来生存。
To remember the hierarchy from smallest to largest, use: Cells Tidy Our Offices Regularly — Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, oRganism.
记住从小到大层次的助记法：Cells Tidy Our Offices Regularly — 细胞(Cell)、组织(Tissue)、器官(Organ)、器官系统(Organ system)、生物体(Organism)。
3. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It takes place inside chloroplasts, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
光合作用是绿色植物和某些其他生物利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。它在含有绿色色素叶绿素的叶绿体内进行。
arbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of chlorophyll and light energy.
光合作用的文字方程式为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需要叶绿素和光能。
The balanced symbol equation is:
该反应的符号方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Remember that the glucose produced is used by the plant for energy, growth and storage (often converted into starch). The oxygen is released into the air as a by-product, which is vital for most living organisms.
记住，产生的葡萄糖供植物用于能量、生长和储存（通常转化为淀粉）。生成的氧气则作为副产品释放到空气中，这对大多数生物至关重要。
Mnemonic: 'Photosynthesis Feeds Plants On Light' — emphasises that it is a feeding process using light. Also recall 'Whole Plants Grow On Sundays' — Water + CO₂ → Glucose + Oxygen using Sunlight.
记忆法：'Photosynthesis Feeds Plants On Light' 强调这是一个利用光来提供营养的过程。也可记 'Whole Plants Grow On Sundays' — 水(Water) + 二氧化碳(CO₂) → 葡萄糖(Glucose) + 氧气(Oxygen) 借助阳光(Sunlight)。
4. Cellular Respiration | 细胞呼吸
Cellular respiration is a chemical process that occurs in all living cells, releasing energy from glucose. It is not the same as 'breathing' (ventilation); respiration happens inside cells, mainly within mitochondria.
细胞呼吸是一个发生在所有活细胞中的化学过程，从葡萄糖中释放能量。它与'呼吸'（换气）不同；细胞呼吸发生在细胞内，主要在线粒体中进行。
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, producing carbon dioxide, water and energy. The energy is stored in molecules called ATP and used for activities like muscle contraction, growth and maintaining body temperature.
有氧呼吸利用氧气分解葡萄糖，产生二氧化碳、水和能量。能量储存在名为ATP的分子中，用于肌肉收缩、生长和维持体温等生命活动。
equation for aerobic respiration is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy).
有氧呼吸的文字方程式为：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 (+ 能量)。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)
Notice that respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis in terms of reactants and products. However, respiration occurs all the time in all living cells, whereas photosynthesis only occurs in light and in organisms with chlorophyll.
请注意，从反应物和产物的角度看，呼吸作用与光合作用互为反向。然而，呼吸作用在所有的活细胞中持续进行，而光合作用只在有光且含有叶绿素的生物体中进行。
To distinguish breathing from respiration, remember that breathing is the movement of air, respiration is the release of energy. Think: 'Respiration Releases Real Energy'.
为了区分呼吸和细胞呼吸，请记住：呼吸（breathing）是空气的进出，而细胞呼吸（respiration）是能量的释放。可以想成：'Respiration Releases Real Energy'。
5. Diffusion | 扩散
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process and does not require energy from the cell.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺着浓度梯度进行。这是一种被动过程，不需要消耗细胞的能量。
Dissolved substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose move in and out of cells across cell membranes by diffusion. For example, oxygen diffuses from the blood into respiring cells because the concentration of oxygen is lower inside the cells.
溶解的物质如氧气、二氧化碳和葡萄糖通过扩散穿过细胞膜进出细胞。例如，氧气从血液扩散进入正在进行呼吸的细胞，因为细胞内部的氧气浓度较低。
The rate of diffusion can be increased by a steeper concentration gradient, a higher temperature, a larger surface area of the membrane and a shorter diffusion distance. These factors help explain why many exchange surfaces, like lungs and plant leaves, are thin and moist.
扩散速率可以通过更陡的浓度梯度、更高的温度、更大的膜表面积和更短的扩散距离来提升。这些因素说明了为什么许多交换表面（如肺部和植物叶片）都很薄且湿润。
Remember: 'Diffusion Delivers Substances Downhill' — particles move from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Think of a tea bag releasing colour into hot water: no energy is needed.
记住：'Diffusion Delivers Substances Downhill' —— 粒子从高浓度移到低浓度，直至达到平衡。想象一下茶包在热水中释放颜色的过程：这不需要任何额外能量。
6. Ecosystems and Food Chains | 生态系统与食物链
A habitat is the specific place where an organism lives. A population is all the individuals of the same species in a habitat; a community includes all the populations of different species living together. An ecosystem consists of a community interacting with the physical environment.
栖息地是生物体生活的特定地点。种群是栖息地中同一物种的所有个体；群落则包括共同生活的所有不同物种的种群。生态系统由群落和它们相互作用的物理环境构成。
Producers are organisms that make their own food, usually by photosynthesis (e.g., green plants and algae). They start every food chain. Consumers eat other organisms; primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on.
生产者是制造自身食物的生物，通常通过光合作用实现（如绿色植物和藻类）。它们是一切食物链的起点。消费者以其他生物为食；初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者，以此类推。
Decomposers (such as bacteria and fungi) break down dead plants and animals, returning vital nutrients to the soil. They are biotic factors that recycle materials in an ecosystem.
分解者（如细菌和真菌）分解死去的动植物，将重要的养分归还到土壤中。它们是生态系统中循环物质的生物因素。
A food chain shows the flow of energy from one organism to the next. Arrows always point in the direction of energy transfer (towards the consumer). A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing more realistic feeding relationships.
食物链展示了能量从一个生物体传递到下一个生物体的路径。箭头总是指向能量传递的方向（即指向消费者）。食物网是由相互关联的食物链构成的网络，反映了更真实的取食关系。
Mnemonic for order: 'Preston Park's Camels Developed Humps' — Producer → Primary consumer → Secondary consumer → Decomposer → Heat to environment. Also: 'Arrows Always Aim At Eater' to remember arrow direction.
顺序记忆法：'Preston Park's Camels Developed Humps' — 生产者→初级消费者→次级消费者→分解者→热量散失。也可记：'Arrows Always Aim At Eater'，箭头总是指向取食者。
7. Reproduction Basics | 生殖基础
Reproduction is the process by which organisms produce offspring. There are two types: sexual reproduction, which involves the fusion of male and female gametes, and asexual reproduction, which involves only one parent producing genetically identical offspring (clones).
生殖是生物体产生后代的过程。有两种类型：有性生殖涉及雄性和雌性配子的融合；无性生殖只涉及一个亲本，产生基因相同的后代（克隆）。
Gametes are reproductive cells. In animals, the male gamete is the sperm cell and the female gamete is the egg (ovum) cell. Gametes contain half the usual number of chromosomes, so when they fuse during fertilisation, the zygote has the full chromosome number.
配子是生殖细胞。在动物中，雄配子是精子，雌配子是卵子。配子含有通常
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