📚 Year 7 AQA Biology: Core Knowledge Summary | Year 7 AQA 生物：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your essential revision guide for Year 7 AQA Biology. This article summarises the core topics you will cover, from the building blocks of life to how organisms interact in ecosystems. Each section pairs concise English explanations with Chinese translations to support bilingual learning.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 AQA 生物核心知识梳理。本文汇总了你将学习的关键主题，从生命的基本单元到生物在生态系统中的相互作用。每个部分都配有简洁的英文讲解和中文翻译，帮助你进行双语学习。
1. Introduction to Cells | 细胞入门
All living organisms are made of cells. Cells are the basic units of life – they carry out all the processes needed for an organism to survive. Some organisms, like bacteria, are unicellular (single-celled), while others, like humans, are multicellular.
所有生物体都是由细胞构成的。细胞是生命的基本单位——它们执行生物体生存所需的所有过程。有些生物，如细菌，是单细胞的，而其他生物，如人类，是多细胞的。
The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to observe cells for the first time. Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells in 1665 when he looked at cork under a microscope.
显微镜的发明让科学家们首次观察到细胞。1665年，罗伯特·胡克在显微镜下观察软木时首次描述了细胞。
2. Animal and Plant Cells | 动物细胞和植物细胞
Animal and plant cells share several common structures: a nucleus that controls the cell's activities and contains genetic material, cytoplasm where chemical reactions occur, a cell membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell, and mitochondria where energy is released through respiration.
动物细胞和植物细胞共有一些结构：控制细胞活动并含有遗传物质的细胞核，发生化学反应的细胞质，控制物质进出的细胞膜，以及通过呼吸作用释放能量的线粒体。
Plant cells have three additional features absent in animal cells: a rigid cell wall made of cellulose for support, a large permanent vacuole filled with cell sap that helps maintain turgor, and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis.
植物细胞还有动物细胞所不具备的三个结构：由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁，起支撑作用；充满细胞液的大液泡，有助于维持挺度；以及含叶绿素进行光合作用的叶绿体。
| Structure | Animal Cell | Plant Cell |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Yes | Yes |
| Cytoplasm | Yes | Yes |
| Cell membrane | Yes | Yes |
| Mitochondria | Yes | Yes |
| Cell wall | No | Yes |
| Vacuole | Small or absent | Large permanent vacuole |
| Chloroplasts | No | Yes |
3. Specialised Cells | 特化细胞
Multicellular organisms contain specialised cells that are adapted to perform specific functions. For example, red blood cells have a biconcave shape and no nucleus to maximise space for haemoglobin, which carries oxygen. Nerve cells are long with branched endings to transmit electrical impulses rapidly. Sperm cells have a tail for movement and a head containing enzymes to penetrate the egg.
多细胞生物含有特化的细胞，它们适应了执行特定功能。例如，红细胞呈双凹形且无细胞核，以最大限度为携带氧气的血红蛋白腾出空间。神经细胞细长，有分支末梢，可快速传递电信号。精子有尾部用于运动，头部含有酶以穿透卵子。
In plants, root hair cells have long extensions to increase surface area for absorbing water and minerals. Xylem vessels are hollow tubes reinforced with lignin to transport water from roots to leaves.
在植物中，根毛细胞有长长的突起，以增大吸收水分和矿物质的表面积。木质部导管是中空的管子，由木质素加固，将水从根部运输到叶片。
4. Levels of Organisation | 组织层次
Cells of the same type group together to form tissues. A tissue is a collection of similar cells working together to carry out a particular function, such as muscle tissue contracting to produce movement. Tissues combine to form organs – structures made of different tissues that perform a specific job, like the stomach containing muscle tissue and glandular tissue for digestion.
相同类型的细胞聚集在一起形成组织。组织是一群相似细胞共同完成特定功能，例如肌肉组织收缩产生运动。组织组合形成器官——由不同组织组成的结构，执行特定功能，例如胃包含肌肉组织和腺组织用于消化。
Organs work together in organ systems. The digestive system includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and intestines, all cooperating to break down food and absorb nutrients. Finally, organ systems make up a complete organism.
器官协同工作在器官系统中。消化系统包括口腔、食道、胃、肝脏
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