📚 Year 7 AQA Chemistry: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | AQA七年级化学核心词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your ultimate vocabulary toolkit for Year 7 AQA Chemistry. Mastering the key terms is the first step to understanding particles, reactions, and the substances around you. This guide pairs each essential term with a clear definition in English and Chinese, helping you build confidence in the lab and in exams.
欢迎使用AQA七年级化学词汇终极工具箱。掌握核心术语是理解粒子、化学反应以及身边各种物质的第一步。本指南为每个必学术语提供了清晰的英文和中文定义，帮助你在实验室和考试中建立信心。
1. Laboratory Safety and Equipment | 实验室安全与设备
Bunsen burner: A gas burner used in laboratories that produces a single open flame; can be adjusted to a safety flame (yellow) or a roaring blue flame for heating.
本生灯：实验室中使用的燃气燃烧器，能产生单一明火；可调节为黄色安全焰或用于加热的蓝色烈焰。
Tripod: A three-legged metal stand placed over a Bunsen burner that supports gauze and containers during heating.
三脚架：一种三腿金属支架，放置在本生灯上方，加热时用来支撑石棉网和容器。
Gauze: A wire mesh mat placed on a tripod to spread the flame's heat evenly and support beakers or other apparatus.
石棉网：放在三脚架上的金属丝网垫，用于均匀分散火焰热量并支撑烧杯等装置。
Heatproof mat: A mat made of insulating material placed under a Bunsen burner setup to protect the workbench from heat damage.
隔热垫：由隔热材料制成的垫子，放置在本生灯装置下方，保护实验台面免受高温损坏。
Eye protection: Safety goggles or glasses worn to shield the eyes from splashes, fumes, or flying objects during experiments.
护目镜：实验过程中佩戴的安全眼镜，用于保护眼睛免受飞溅物、烟雾或飞溅物体的伤害。
Test tube: A small cylindrical glass tube used to hold, mix, or heat small amounts of substances.
试管：一种小型圆柱形玻璃管，用于盛放、混合或加热少量物质。
Beaker: A cylindrical glass container with a pour spout, used for holding, mixing, and heating liquids.
烧杯：一种带有倾倒嘴的圆柱形玻璃容器，用于盛放、混合和加热液体。
Measuring cylinder: A tall, narrow cylinder with volume markings, used to measure liquid volumes accurately.
量筒：一种细高刻有体积标记的圆柱形容器，用于准确测量液体体积。
2. The Particle Model | 粒子模型
Particle: A tiny bit of matter – atoms, molecules, or ions – that makes up all substances. In the particle model, particles are imagined as small spheres in constant random motion.
粒子：构成所有物质的微小单元——原子、分子或离子。在粒子模型中，粒子被想象成不断无规则运动的小球。
Solid: The state of matter in which particles are tightly packed in a fixed, regular arrangement and can only vibrate in place, giving a definite shape and volume.
固体：粒子紧密堆积、保持固定规则排列、只能在原位振动的物质状态，具有确定的形状和体积。
Liquid: The state of matter where particles are close together but can slide past each other, allowing the liquid to flow and take the shape of its container while keeping a constant volume.
液体：粒子彼此靠近但可以相互滑动的物质状态，液体能流动并取容器的形状，同时体积保持不变。
Gas: The state of matter where particles are far apart, moving rapidly in all directions with no fixed shape or volume; they fill and expand to occupy their container.
气体：粒子相距很远、快速向四面八方运动的物质状态，没有固定的形状和体积；它们会充满并扩张至整个容器。
Diffusion: The spontaneous mixing and spreading of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by random particle movement.
扩散：粒子由于随机的运动，从较高浓度区域自发地混合并扩散到较低浓度区域的过程。
Expand: When a material increases in volume because its particles gain energy and move further apart. Gases expand far more than liquids or solids.
膨胀：物质因为粒子获得能量、彼此距离增大而体积增加的现象。气体的膨胀程度远大于液体或固体。
Contract: When a material decreases in volume as its particles lose energy and move closer together.
收缩：物质因为粒子能量减少、彼此靠近而体积减小的现象。
Density: The mass of a substance per unit volume, often described as how 'packed' the particles are. Solids usually have the highest density, gases the lowest.
密度：物质单位体积的质量，常被描述为粒子的“堆积”程度。固体的密度通常最高，气体的最低。
3. States of Matter | 物质的状态
Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space; all materials are made of matter, which exists in three main states: solid, liquid, and gas.
物质：任何具有质量并占据空间的东西；所有材料均由物质组成，物质主要以三种状态存在：固态、液态和气态。
State: The physical form in which a substance exists – solid, liquid, or gas – determined by the arrangement and movement of its particles.
状态：物质存在的物理形式——固态、液态或气态——由粒子的排列方式和运动决定。
Rigid: Not easily changing shape; a term used to describe solids because their particles are fixed in place.
刚性的：不容易改变形状；用于描述固体，因为固体的粒子固定在原地。
Flow: The ability of a substance to move and change shape continuously; liquids and gases flow, while solids do not.
流动：物质连续移动并改变形状的能力；液体和气体会流动，固体则不会。
Shape: The external form or outline of a substance. Solids have a fixed shape; liquids and gases take the shape of their container.
形状：物质的外部形态或轮廓。固体有固定的形状；液体和气体则取其容器的形状。
Volume: The amount of three‑dimensional space a substance occupies. Solids and liquids have a fixed volume; gases do not.
体积：物质所占三维空间的大小。固体和液体有固定的体积；气体没有。
Compressible: Able to be squeezed into a smaller volume. Gases are highly compressible because their particles are far apart; liquids and solids are virtually incompressible.
可压缩的：能被挤压到更小体积的性质。气体因为粒子间距大而高度可压缩；液体和固体几乎不可压缩。
4. Changing State | 状态变化
Melting: The change of state from solid to liquid when a substance is heated to its melting point, and its particles gain enough energy to break free from fixed positions.
熔化：物质加热到熔点时，从固态变为液态的过程，此时粒子获得足够能量挣脱固定位置。
Freezing: The change of state from liquid to solid when a substance is cooled to its freezing point and its particles lose energy, settling into fixed positions.
凝固：物质冷却到凝固点时，从液态变为固态的过程，粒子失去能量并固定在位置上。
Boiling: The rapid change of state from liquid to gas occurring throughout the liquid at a specific temperature called the boiling point, when bubbles of vapour form inside the liquid.
沸腾：在特定温度（沸点）下，整个液体内部快速从液态转变为气态的过程，液体内部会产生蒸气泡。
Evaporation: The slower change of state from liquid to gas that occurs only at the surface of a liquid and can happen at temperatures below the boiling point.
蒸发：仅发生在液体表面的较慢的液态到气态的转变，可以在低于沸点的温度下进行。
Condensation: The change of state from gas to liquid when a gas cools and its particles lose energy, moving closer together.
冷凝：气体冷却时，粒子失去能量并相互靠近，从气态变为液态的过程。
Sublimation: The change of state directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state, e.g., solid CO₂ (dry ice).
升华：物质不经过液态，直接从固态转变为气态的过程，例如固体CO₂（干冰）。
Deposition: The change of state directly from gas to solid without becoming a liquid, e.g., frost forming from water vapour.
凝华：物质不经过液态，直接从气态转变为固态的过程，例如水蒸气直接形成霜。
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. Pure water has a melting point of 0 °C.
熔点：固体转变为液体时的温度。纯水的熔点为0 °C。
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into a gas. Pure water has a boiling point of 100 °C at sea level.
沸点：液体沸腾并转变为气体时的温度。纯水在海平面的沸点为100 °C。
5. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can still be recognised as that element; all materials are made of atoms.
原子：元素能保持其化学性质的最小粒子；所有物质都由原子构成。
Element: A pure substance made up of only one type of atom. An element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Examples: oxygen (O), iron (Fe).
元素：只由一种原子组成的纯净物。元素不能通过化学方法分解成更简单的物质。例如：氧（O）、铁（Fe）。
Compound: A pure substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions. Compounds can be separated into elements only by chemical reactions. Example: water (H₂O).
化合物：两种或多种不同元素以固定比例通过化学键结合形成的纯净物。化合物只能通过化学反应分解为元素。例如：水（H₂O）。
Molecule: A group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. A molecule can be an element (O₂) or a compound (CO₂).
分子：两个或多个原子通过化学键结合在一起的组合。分子可以是单质（O₂）或化合物（CO₂）。
Chemical symbol: A one‑ or two‑letter international abbreviation for an element. Examples: C for carbon, Na for sodium. The first letter is always capitalised, the second is lower case.
化学符号：一个或两个字母的元素国际缩写。例如：C代表碳，Na代表钠。首字母总是大写，第二个字母小写。
Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically joined and can be separated by physical methods such as filtration. The components keep their own properties.
混合物：两种或多种物质的组合，它们没有通过化学键结合，可以通过过滤等物理方法分离。各组分保持自身的性质。
Formula: A combination of symbols and numbers that shows the types and numbers of atoms in a compound or molecule. Examples: H₂O (two hydrogen, one oxygen), CO₂ (one carbon, two oxygen).
化学式：用符号和数字的组合表示化合物或分子中原子的种类和数目。例如：H₂O（两个氢、一个氧），CO₂（一个碳、两个氧）。
6. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表
Periodic table: A chart that organises all known elements in order of increasing atomic number, arranged in rows (periods) and columns (groups) to show patterns in properties.
元素周期表：按原子序数递增顺序排列所有已知元素的图表，排成行（周期）和列（族），以展示元素性质的规律。
Group: A vertical column in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
族：周期表中的竖直列。同一族的元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们的最外层电子数相同。
Period: A horizontal row in the periodic table. As you move across a period, the properties of elements change gradually.
周期：周期表中的水平行。从左到右跨过一个周期，元素的性质会逐渐变化。
Metal: An element that is typically shiny, good conductor of heat and electricity, malleable (can be hammered into sheets) and often solid at room temperature. Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.
金属：通常具有光泽、是热和电的良导体、具有延展性（可锤打成薄片）且在室温下多为固体的元素。金属位于周期表的左侧。
Non‑metal: An element that is usually poor conductor of heat and electricity, not shiny, and often brittle when solid. Non‑metals are found on the right side of the periodic table.
非金属：通常为热和电的不良导体、无光泽、固体时往往脆性大的元素。非金属位于周期表的右侧。
Alkali metals: The highly reactive metals in Group 1 of the periodic table, such as lithium, sodium, and potassium. They react vigorously with water and are stored under oil.
碱金属：周期表第1族的高活性金属，例如锂、钠和钾。它们能与水剧烈反应，需保存在油中。
Noble gases: The very unreactive gases in Group 0 (or Group 18), including helium, neon, and argon. They exist as single atoms and are colourless, odourless gases.
稀有气体：第0族（或第18族）的极不活泼气体，包括氦、氖和氩。它们以单原子形式存在，是无色无味的气体。
Mendeleev: The Russian chemist who created the first widely accepted periodic table in 1869, organised by atomic weight and properties, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements.
门捷列夫：俄国化学家，于1869年创建了第一个广受认可的周期表，按原子量和性质排列，并为未发现元素留出空位。
7. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
Reactant: A starting substance that takes part in a chemical reaction; reactants are written on the left side of a chemical equation and are used up during the reaction.
反应物：参与化学反应的起始物质；反应物写在化学方程式的左侧，在反应过程中被消耗。
Product: A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction; products are written on the right side of a chemical equation.
生成物：化学反应产生的新物质；生成物写在化学方程式的右侧。
Chemical reaction: A process in which atoms are rearranged to form new substances with different properties; often accompanied by an energy change, colour change, or gas production.
化学反应：原子重新排列形成具有不同性质的新物质的过程；常伴随能量变化、颜色改变或气体产生。
Physical change: A change where no new substances are formed, such as melting or dissolving; often reversible and the material keeps its chemical identity.
物理变化：不产生新物质的变化，如熔化或溶解；通常可逆且物质保持其化学身份。
Precipitate: An insoluble solid that forms when two solutions are mixed and react together, making the mixture appear cloudy.
沉淀：两种溶液混合并反应时生成的不溶性固体，使混合物呈现浑浊。
Exothermic: A type of reaction that releases energy, often as heat or light, causing the surroundings to become warmer. Combustion is an exothermic reaction.
放热反应：释放能量（常以热或光的形式）的反应，使周围环境变暖。燃烧是放热反应。
Endothermic: A type of reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. Thermal decomposition is usually endothermic.
吸热反应：从周围环境中吸收能量而导致温度下降的反应。热分解通常是吸热反应。
Combustion: A rapid chemical reaction between a substance (usually a fuel) and oxygen that releases heat and light. The products are often CO₂ and H₂O when the fuel is a hydrocarbon.
燃烧：物质（通常为燃料）与氧气之间发生的快速化学反应，释放出热和光。当燃料为烃时，产物常为CO₂和H₂O。
8. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
Acid: A substance with a pH less than 7 that dissolves in water to release hydrogen ions (H⁺). Acids taste sour (but never taste in the lab!) and turn blue litmus paper red. Examples: hydrochloric acid (HCl), citric acid.
酸：pH值小于7的物质，在水中溶解时会释放氢离子（H⁺）。酸有酸味（但在实验室中绝不可品尝！），并能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。例如：盐酸（HCl）、柠檬酸。
Alkali: A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water, with a pH greater than 7. Alkalis feel soapy and turn red litmus paper blue. Examples: sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ammonia solution.
碱：可溶性碱，在水中释放氢氧根离子（OH⁻），pH值大于7。碱有滑腻感，能使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。例如：氢氧化钠（NaOH）、氨水。
Base: A substance that can neutralise an acid to form a salt and water. Metal oxides and hydroxides are bases. Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water.
碱（广义）：能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。金属氧化物和氢氧化物都是碱。碱（general base）中能溶于水的称为alkali。
pH scale: A numerical scale from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is. pH 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.
pH标度：从0到14的数字标度，用于衡量溶液酸碱程度。pH 7为中性，小于7为酸性，大于7为碱性。
Indicator: A dye or chemical that changes colour depending on the pH of the solution it is in. Litmus and universal indicator are common examples.
指示剂：一种根据所在溶液pH值而改变颜色的染料或化学物质。石蕊和通用指示剂是常见例子。
Neutralisation and water. The pH moves towards 7. The general equation is: acid + alkali → salt + water.
中和反应：酸与碱（或金属氧化物）发生的反应，生成盐和水，pH趋向于7。通式为：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。
Universal indicator: A mixture of several indicators that turns a range of colours to show the approximate pH of a solution, from red (strong acid) through green (neutral) to purple (strong alkali).
通用指示剂：多种指示剂的混合物，能通过一系列颜色变化显示溶液的近似pH值，从红色（强酸）经绿色（中性）到紫色（强碱）。
Corrosive: A hazard symbol label for substances that can attack and destroy living tissue, including skin and eyes. Strong acids and alkalis are corrosive.
腐蚀性：一种危险符号标签，表示物质能侵蚀和破坏活体组织，包括皮肤和眼睛。强酸和强碱都具有腐蚀性。
9. Separating Mixtures | 分离混合物
Mixture: Two or more substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded, so they can be separated by physical techniques. Seawater is a mixture of water, salt, and gases.
混合物：两种或多种物质物理组合在一起但没有化学键合，因此可以通过物理方法分离。海水是水、盐和气体的混合物。
Solution: A homogeneous mixture formed when a solute dissolves completely in a solvent, creating a clear liquid. In salt water, salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
溶液：溶质完全溶解在溶剂中形成的均匀混合物，呈透明液体。在盐水中，盐是溶质，水是溶剂。
Solute: The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution; usually the substance present in a smaller amount. Example: sugar in sugar water.
溶质：溶解在溶剂中形成溶液的物质；通常是含量较少的组分。例：糖水中的糖。
Solvent: The liquid in which a solute dissolves; usually the substance present in the largest amount. Water is called the 'universal solvent' because it dissolves so many substances.
溶剂：溶解溶质的液体；通常是溶液中含量最多的组分。水被称为“万能溶剂”，因为它能溶解很多物质。
Soluble: Describing a substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent. Salt is soluble in water but insoluble in oil.
可溶的：描述物质能溶于某特定溶剂的性质。盐可溶于水，但不溶于油。
Insoluble: Describing a substance that does not dissolve in a particular solvent. Sand is insoluble in water, so it forms a suspension.
不溶的：描述物质不能溶于某特定溶剂的性质。沙不溶于水，因此形成悬浊液。
Filtration: A separation technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid by passing the mixture through filter paper. The solid residue stays on the paper; the filtrate passes through.
过滤：一种分离技术，通过让混合物穿过滤纸，将不溶性固体从液体中分离出来。固体残渣留在滤纸上，滤液则通过。
Distillation: A separation process that involves heating a liquid to form a vapour and then condensing the vapour back to a liquid, used to separate a solvent from a solution. Simple distillation can obtain pure water from salt water.
蒸馏：一种分离过程，通过加热液体形成蒸气，再将蒸气冷凝回液体，用于从溶液中分离溶剂。简单蒸馏可从盐水中获得纯水。
Chromatography: A technique used to separate dissolved coloured substances (for example, inks or food dyes) by letting a solvent carry them up a paper at different speeds.
色谱法：利用溶剂在纸上以不同速度带动溶解的有色物质（如墨水或食用色素）而将其分离的技术。
10. Earth Science and Rocks | 地球科学与岩石
Rock: A naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals. Rocks are classified into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
岩石：一种或多种矿物质组成的天然固态混合物
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