📚 Year 7 AQA Physics Key Terms Memory Guide | AQA七年级物理关键术语速记指南
Mastering the core vocabulary of physics is like learning the rules of a new game – once you know them, everything starts to make sense. This guide breaks down the most important Year 7 AQA terms into bite-sized definitions, clear examples and clever memory tricks. Use these hacks to lock the words into your long-term memory and boost your confidence in class, homework and assessments.
掌握物理的核心词汇就像学习一款新游戏的规则——一旦你懂了，一切都会豁然开朗。本指南将七年级 AQA 最重要的术语拆解成小块定义、清晰的例子和巧妙的记忆技巧。运用这些窍门把词语锁进长期记忆，在课堂、作业和测评中更加自信。
1. Forces: Push, Pull & Types | 力：推、拉及其类型
Force: A force is a push or a pull that can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Forces are measured in newtons (N).
力：力是一种推或拉，能改变物体的速度、方向或形状。力的单位是牛顿（N）。
Contact forces require touching (e.g. friction, tension, air resistance). Imagine a hand pushing a trolley – the force is applied through direct contact.
接触力需要接触（如摩擦力、拉力、空气阻力）。想象一只手推着购物车——力通过直接接触施加。
Non-contact forces act at a distance. Gravity pulls an apple down without touching it; magnetism pulls paperclips; static electricity makes hair stand up. Memory hack: remember G-M-S – Gravity, Magnetism, Static electricity – they don’t need to touch.
非接触力隔一定距离作用。引力不接触就把苹果往下拉；磁力吸起回形针；静电让头发竖起来。记忆技巧：记住 G-M-S——引力、磁力、静电——它们不需要接触。
Friction is a contact force that opposes motion. It can be useful (e.g. gripping shoes) or a nuisance (e.g. engine wear). Think: ‘friction fights motion’.
摩擦力是一种阻碍运动的接触力。它可能有用（如鞋子防滑），也可能讨厌（如发动机磨损）。想想：“摩擦力对抗运动”。
2. Mass, Weight and Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Mass is how much ‘stuff’ an object contains. It stays the same everywhere in the universe and is measured in kilograms (kg). Mass is measured with a balance.
质量表示物体含有多少“东西”。它在宇宙中任何地方都保持不变，单位为千克（kg）。质量用天平测量。
Weight is the force of gravity pulling on a mass. It depends on the gravitational field strength and is measured in newtons (N). Weight is measured with a spring scale (newton meter).
重量是重力对物体的拉力。它取决于引力场强度，单位为牛顿（N）。重量用弹簧秤（牛顿计）测量。
Memory hack: ‘ Moon because gravity is weaker there. On Earth, gravitational field strength g ≈ 10 N/kg.
记忆技巧：“质量是你的本身，重量是你的感觉。”质量从不改变，但你在月球上的重量会变小，因为那里引力较弱。在地球上，引力场强度 g ≈ 10 N/kg。
weight = mass × gravitational field strength
W = m × g
Example: A 5 kg brick on Earth weighs 5 × 10 = 50 N.
例子：一块 5 kg 的砖在地球上重 5 × 10 = 50 N。
3. Speed, Distance and Time | 速度、距离与时间
Speed tells us how fast something moves. It is the distance travelled in a certain time. Common units are metres per second (m/s), kilometres per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph).
速度告诉我们物体运动有多快。它是一定时间内走过的距离。常用单位有米每秒（m/s）、千米每小时（km/h）或英里每小时（mph）。
speed = distance ÷ time
v = d ÷ t
Memory hack: Picture a speed sign on a road: the number tells you how many kilometres you cover in one hour. To rearrange the formula, use the ‘S-D-T triangle’ – cover the one you want to find.
记忆技巧：想象路边的限速牌：数字告诉你在一个小时内能跑多少公里。重新排列公式时，用“速-距-时三角形”——遮住你想求的那个量。
Distance–time graphs: per straight line means higher constant speed; a curve means acceleration or deceleration.
距离–时间图：水平线表示物体静止（速度 = 0）；越陡的直线表示恒速越快；曲线表示加速或减速。
4. Energy Stores and Pathways | 能量储存与转移路径
Energy is the ability to do work. It is measured in joules (J). Energy can be stored in eight different ways in the AQA model: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal (internal), chemical, nuclear, magnetic and electrostatic.
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳（J）。在 AQA 模型中，能量可以以八种方式储存：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热（内）能、化学能、核能、磁能和静电能量。
Kinetic energy: the energy of a moving object. The faster and heavier it is, the more kinetic energy it has. Gravitational potential energy: the energy an object has because of its position above the ground.
动能：运动物体的能量。质量越大、速度越快，动能越大。重力势能：物体因离地高度而具有的能量。
Energy transfer pathways: forces doing work, heating, electric current, light and sound. Remember ‘energy is never destroyed, only transferred or stored’. The total energy in a closed system stays constant (conservation of energy).
能量转移路径：力做功、加热、电流、光和声音。记住“能量不会被消灭，只能被转移或储存”。封闭系统中总能量不变（能量守恒）。
Memory hack: Think of energy as money – it can be moved between different bank accounts (stores) and transferred by spending (pathways), but the total stays the same.
记忆技巧：把能量想象成钱——它可以在不同账户（能量储存）间转移，也可以通过消费（转移路径）流动，但总额不变。
5. Work Done and Power | 做功与功率
Work done is the energy transferred when a force moves an object. If you push a box across the floor, you are doing work. Work is measured in joules (J).
做功是力使物体移动时所转移的能量。如果你将一个箱子推过地板，你就在做功。功的单位是焦耳（J）。
work done = force × distance
W = F × d
Power is the rate of doing work – how quickly energy is transferred. Power is measured in watts (W). One watt means one joule per second.
功率是做功的速率——能量转移有多快。功率的单位是瓦特（W）。1 瓦表示每秒转移 1 焦耳。
power = work done ÷ time
P = E ÷ t
Memory hack: A more powerful light bulb transfers more electrical energy into light each second, so it shines brighter. Think of ‘powerful’ as ‘fast at giving energy’.
记忆技巧：一个功率更大的灯泡每秒将更多电能转化为光能，所以更亮。把“功率大”想成“给能量速度更快”。
6. Electric Current and Charge | 电流与电荷
Electric current is the flow of electric charge around a circuit. It is measured in amperes, or amps (A). Charge is carried by tiny particles called electrons.
电流是电荷在电路中的流动，单位为安培（A）。电荷由微小的粒子——电子携带。
Memory hack: the water-pipe model. Current is like the amount of water flowing through a pipe per second. The water molecules represent electrons moving. A switch is like a valve that stops the flow.
记忆技巧：水管模型。电流就像每秒流过水管的水量。水分子代表移动的电子。开关就像阻止水流的水阀。
For current to flow, you need a complete circuit with a source of energy (cell or battery) and conductors. Metals are good conductors; plastics are insulators that stop current.
要让电流动，你需要一个包含能量源（电池）和导体的完整电路。金属是良导体；塑料是绝缘体，阻止电流通过。
Series circuit: all components are connected in a single loop. If one bulb breaks, the others go out because the circuit is no longer complete.
串联电路：所有元件连在单一回路中。如果一个灯泡坏了，其他灯泡也会熄灭，因为电路不再完整。
7. Voltage and Resistance | 电压与电阻
Voltage (potential difference) is the ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit. It tells us how much energy each coulomb of charge receives from the battery. Voltage is measured in volts (V).
电压（电势差）是推动电流在电路中流动的“推力”。它告诉我们每库仑电荷从电池中获得多少能量。电压单位为伏特（V）。
Resistance is a measure of how hard it is for current to flow. Components resist the flow, turning electrical energy into heat. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻衡量电流流动的难易程度。元件阻碍电流，将电能转化为热量。电阻的单位是欧姆（Ω）。
Memory hack – the hill and the crowd: Voltage is like a steep hill that gives a ball energy to roll. Resistance is like a crowded corridor that slows the ball down. Long, thin wires have more resistance than short, thick wires.
记忆技巧——山坡与人群：电压像一道陡坡，给球滚动提供能量。电阻像拥挤的走廊，让球慢下来。长而细的导线比短粗的导线电阻更大。
In Year 7 you may not do calculations, but understanding that adding more bulbs in series increases resistance and reduces current is a key concept.
七年级可能不进行计算，但要知道在串联中接入更多灯泡会增加电阻、减小电流，这是一个关键概念。
8. Waves: Amplitude, Frequency, Wavelength | 波：振幅、频率、波长
Wave – a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without moving matter. Light and sound travel as waves.
波——一种将能量从一处传递到另一处而不转移物质的扰动。光和声音以波的形式传播。
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position. In a sound wave, a larger amplitude means a louder sound; in a light wave, it means brighter light.
振幅是波偏离平衡位置的最大位移。在声波中，振幅越大，声音越响；在光波中，振幅越大，光越亮。
Wavelength (λ) is the distance between two matching points on a wave, such as crest to crest. It is measured in metres.
波长（λ）是波上两个对应点之间的距离，如波峰到波峰，单位为米。
Frequency (f) is the number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz). A frequency of 50 Hz means 50 waves per second.
频率（f）是每秒通过某点的完整波的个数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。频率 50 Hz 表示每秒有 50 个波通过。
Memory hack: Picture a slinky spring being wiggled. Big wiggles give high amplitude; fast wiggles give high frequency. ‘Frequency’ sounds like ‘frequent’ – how often the wiggle happens.
记忆技巧：想象一根在抖动的弹簧玩具。大幅抖动产生高振幅；快速抖动产生高频率。“Frequency（频率）”听起来像“frequent（频繁）”——抖得多频繁。
9. Sound Waves and Hearing | 声波与听觉
Sound is produced by vibrating objects and needs a medium (solid, liquid or gas) to travel. It cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to vibrate.
声音由振动物体产生，需要介质（固体、液体或气体）才能传播。它无法在真空中传播，因为没有粒子可以振动。
Human hearing range: roughly 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz (20 kHz). Frequencies above this are called ultrasound; below this are called infrasound. Dogs can hear ultrasound.
人类听觉范围：大约在 20 Hz 到 20 000 Hz（20 kHz）之间。高于此范围的称为超声波，低于此范围的称为次声波。狗能听见超声波。
Echoes are reflected sound waves. The time between sending a sound and hearing its echo can be used to measure distances (e.g. in sonar).
回声是反射回来的声波。发出声音和听到回声之间的时间差可用来测量距离（例如声呐）。
Memory hack: ‘Sound needs a partner’ – it cannot go solo; it always needs a medium. The louder the sound, the bigger the vibration amplitude. The higher the pitch, the higher the frequency.
记忆技巧：“声音需要伙伴”——它不能单独行动，总需要介质。声音越响，振动振幅越大；音调越高，频率越高。
10. Light: Reflection and Refraction | 光：反射与折射
Light travels in straight lines at a speed of about 300 000 km/s in a vacuum. We see objects because light reflects off them into our eyes.
光沿直线传播，在真空中速度约为 300 000 km/s。我们看见物体是因为光从物体反射到我们眼睛里。
Law of reflection: n, : The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, measured from the normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface). Memory hack: ‘i = r’.
反射定律：入射角等于反射角，均从法线（垂直于表面的假想线）量起。记忆技巧：“i = r”。
Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another (e.g. air to water) because its speed changes. A straw in a glass of water looks bent because of refraction.
折射是光从一种透明介质进入另一种介质（如空气到水）时，因速度改变而发生的弯曲。水杯中的吸管看起来弯折了，就是折射引起的。
Dispersion: White light can be split into the colours of the rainbow (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) by a prism. Memory phrase: ‘Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain’ helps order the colours by wavelength.
色散：白光可以被棱镜分解成彩虹的颜色（红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫）。记忆句子：‘Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain’ 可帮助按波长排序。
11. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度
Particle model: All matter is made of tiny particles. The arrangement and movement of these particles explain the three states – solid, liquid and gas.
粒子模型：所有物质都由微小粒子构成。粒子的排列方式和运动状态解释了三种状态——固体、液体和气体。
Solids: particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern, vibrating in fixed positions. Liquids: particles are close together but can slide past each other. Gases: particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions.
固体：粒子紧密排列成规则形状，在固定位置振动。液体：粒子紧挨着，但能相互滑动。气体：粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动。
Density (ρ) is how much mass is packed into a given volume. Dense materials feel heavy for their size. Density is measured in kg/m³ or g/cm³. Water has a density of 1 g/cm³.
密度（ρ）表示单位体积内包含的质量。密度大的材料在同样大小下更重。密度单位是 kg/m³ 或 g/cm³。水的密度为 1 g/cm³。
density = mass ÷ volume
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