📚 Year 7 AQA Physics: Quick Reference Guide for Formulas & Theorems | 七年级 AQA 物理：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your Year 7 AQA Physics formula and theorem handbook. This guide collects all the key equations, definitions, and core concepts you will meet during your first year of secondary physics. Keep it handy whenever you are revising for class tests or working through practice questions.
欢迎使用七年级 AQA 物理公式定理速查手册。本指南汇集了你在中学物理第一年会遇到的所有关键公式、定义与核心概念。当你复习课堂测验或做练习题时，可以随时查阅。
1. Speed, Distance, and Time | 速度、距离与时间
The relationship between speed, distance and time is one of the first formulas you learn. Speed tells you how quickly an object covers a distance in a certain time.
速度、距离和时间之间的关系是你最早学到的公式之一。速度表示一个物体在特定时间内移动的距离。
speed = distance ÷ time
速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间
When you know any two of these quantities, you can always find the third. The triangle method makes rearranging easy: cover the quantity you want to find.
当你已知三个量中的任意两个，总可以求出第三个。三角形法可以轻松变换：遮住你想要求的量即可。
Typical units: distance in metres (m), time in seconds (s), speed in metres per second (m/s). For longer journeys you may use kilometres and hours, giving km/h.
常用单位：距离为米 (m)，时间为秒 (s)，速度为米每秒 (m/s)。长途旅行时你可能用到千米和小时，单位变为千米每小时 (km/h)。
2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Forces can change the speed, direction, or shape of an object. When forces on an object are balanced, the object remains at rest or moves with a constant speed.
力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。当物体上作用的力达到平衡时，物体会保持静止或匀速运动。
If the resultant force is not zero, the object will accelerate or decelerate. The bigger the resultant force, the greater the acceleration (for a fixed mass).
如果合力不为零，物体将加速或减速。合力越大，加速度越大（质量不变的情况下）。
Air resistance, friction, and tension are all types of forces. Forces are measured in newtons (N) using a force meter.
空气阻力、摩擦力和张力都是力的类型。力使用牛顿计测量，单位是牛顿 (N)。
3. Mass, Weight, and Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It stays the same everywhere in the universe.
质量是物体所含物质的量，用于克 (kg) 衡量。它在宇宙中任何地方保持不变。
Weight is the force of gravity pulling on a mass. It depends on the gravitational field strength. On Earth, the gravitational field strength is about 10 N/kg.
重量是作用在质量上的重力。它取决于引力场强度。在地球上，引力场强度约为 10 N/kg。
weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)
重量 (N) = 质量 (kg) × 引力场强度 (N/kg)
On the Moon, the gravitational field strength is only about 1.6 N/kg, so you would weigh less although your mass stays unchanged.
在月球上，引力场强度仅约 1.6 N/kg，因此尽管质量不变，你的重量却变轻了。
4. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy exists in different stores: kinetic energy (moving objects), thermal energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy.
能量存在于不同的储存形式：动能（运动物体）、热能、重力势能、弹性势能、化学能以及原子核能。
Energy can be transferred between stores by heating, doing work using a force, or by waves (light and sound). The total energy in a closed system is always conserved.
能量可以通过加热、力做功或波（光与声）在不同储存形式之间转移。在一个封闭系统中，总能量总是守恒的。
When a ball is thrown upwards, kinetic energy is transferred into gravitational potential energy. On the way down, the transfer reverses.
当球被向上抛起时，动能转移为重力势能。下落时，转移方向相反。
5. Work Done and Power | 做功与功率
Work is done when a force moves an object over a distance. The energy transferred equals the work done.
当一个力使物体移动一段距离时就做了功。所转移的能量等于所做的功。
work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved in the direction of the force (m)
做功 (J) = 力 (N) × 沿力的方向移动的距离 (m)
Power tells you how quickly work is done or energy is transferred. The unit of power is the watt (W), which means joules per second.
功率表示做功或能量转移的快慢。功率的单位是瓦特 (W)，即焦耳每秒。
power (W) = work done (J) ÷ time (s)
功率 (W) = 做功 (J) ÷ 时间 (s)
6. Electric Circuits | 电路
A basic circuit needs a power source (cell or battery), connecting wires, and a component such as a bulb or motor. Current flows only when the circuit is complete.
一个基本的电路需要电源（电池或电池组）、连接导线和一个元件，如灯泡或电动机。只有当电路闭合时电流才会流动。
Current is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter connected in series. The same current flows through all parts of a series circuit.
电流使用串联安培表测量，单位是安培 (A)。在串联电路中，所有部分流过相同的电流。
Potential difference (voltage) is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter connected in parallel. It pushes the current around the circuit.
电位差（电压）使用并联的伏特表测量，单位是伏特 (V)。它推动电流在电路中流动。
7. Ohm's Law and Resistance | 欧姆定律与电阻
Resistance tells us how difficult it is for current to flow. The unit of resistance is the ohm (Omega: Ω).
电阻表明电流流动的难易程度。电阻的单位是欧姆 (Ω)。
potential difference (V) = current (A) × resistance (Ω)
电位差 (V) = 电流 (A) × 电阻 (Ω)
For a fixed resistor at constant temperature, the current is directly proportional to the potential difference. This is Ohm's law.
对于恒温下的固定电阻，电流与电位差成正比。这就是欧姆定律。
Longer, thinner wires have greater resistance. Some components, like diodes and filament bulbs, do not follow Ohm's law.
更长、更细的导线电阻更大。某些元件，如二极管和灯丝灯泡，并不遵循欧姆定律。
8. Waves Basics | 波的基础知识
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves (light, water waves) vibrate at right angles to the direction of travel; longitudinal waves (sound) vibrate parallel to the travel direction.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波（光、水波）振动方向与传播方向垂直；纵波（声波）振动方向与传播方向平行。
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum distance a point moves from its rest position. The larger the amplitude, the more energy the wave carries.
波的振幅是一个点离其平衡位置的最大距离。振幅越大，波携带的能量越多。
Wavelength is the distance between two matching points on a wave (e.g., peak to peak). Frequency, measured in hertz (Hz), is the number of waves passing a point per second.
波长是两个相邻匹配点之间的距离（如波峰到波峰）。频率是每秒通过某点的波的数量，单位是赫兹 (Hz)。
wave speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) × wavelength (m)
波速 (m/s) = 频率 (Hz) × 波长 (m)
9. Particle Model and Density | 粒子模型与密度
All substances are made of tiny particles. In solids, particles are tightly packed and vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, they are close but can slide over one another. In gases, particles are far apart and move rapidly.
所有物质都由微小粒子组成。固体中的粒子紧密排列并在固定位置振动。液体中的粒子彼此靠近但可以相对滑动。气体中的粒子相距很远且快速运动。
Density describes how much mass is packed into a certain volume. It helps explain why some objects float while others sink.
密度描述一定体积内包含质量的多少。它有助于解释为什么有些物体会浮起来而有些会沉下去。
density (kg/m³) = mass (kg) ÷ volume (m³)
密度 (kg/m³) = 质量 (kg) ÷ 体积 (m³)
Water has a density of about 1000 kg/m³. An object less dense than water floats; an object denser than water sinks.
水的密度约为 1000 kg/m³。密度小于此的物体上浮，密度大于此的物体下沉。
10. Practical Measurements and Units | 实验测量与单位
In Year 7 physics, you will practise measuring length, mass, time, and temperature accurately. Always read the scale at eye level and record the unit.
在七年级物理中，你将练习准确测量长度、质量、时间和温度。读数时保持视线水平，并记录单位。
k) means ×1000, centi- (c) means ÷100, milli- (m) means ÷1000. For example, 1 km = 1000 m.
常用词头：千 (k) 表示 ×1000，厘 (c) 表示 ÷100，毫 (m) 表示 ÷1000。例如 1 km = 1000 m。
When recording results, use a table with clear headings and units. Plotting results on a graph often reveals patterns and helps you understand the relationship between variables.
记录结果时，使用列有明确标题和单位的数据表。将结果画在图表上往往能揭示变化规律，并帮助你理解变量之间的关系。
Always take repeat readings and calculate a mean to improve reliability. Learn how to identify anomalies and avoid them by careful experimentation.
始终进行重复测量并计算平均值，以提高可靠性。学会识别异常值，并通过仔细实验来避免它们。
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