📚 Year 7 AQA Physics Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | Year 7 AQA 物理单元测试模拟卷解析
Welcome to this detailed walkthrough of a Year 7 AQA Physics unit test mock paper. We will break down the common question types, highlight the key concepts behind each one, and show you exactly what examiners are looking for when they award marks. Every section gives you the model answer, the working, and the mistake that most students make.
欢迎来到 Year 7 AQA 物理单元测试模拟卷的详细解析。我们将逐一拆解常见题型，讲清每道题背后的核心概念，并明确指出考官在给分时究竟看重什么。每一节都会给出标准答案、完整步骤，以及大多数学生最容易犯的错误。
Read the English paragraph first and try to answer before you look at the Chinese version. That way the walkthrough works as active revision rather than passive reading.
请先读英文段落，尝试自己作答，再看中文对照。这样这份解析就变成了主动复习，而不是被动阅读。
1. How to Use This Walkthrough | 如何使用本解析
A mock paper is only useful if you mark it properly. Work through the paper cold, with no notes, in one sitting. Then use this walkthrough to mark your own answers in a different colour pen. For every mark you lost, write one sentence explaining why you lost it: 'I did not read the command word', 'I forgot the unit', 'I only gave one energy store'. That single sentence is worth more than re-reading the whole topic.
模拟卷只有在认真批改后才有价值。请先在不看笔记的情况下，一次性完整做完试卷。然后用这份解析，换一种颜色的笔给自己打分。每丢一分，就写一句话说明丢分原因，例如"我没有看清指令词""我漏写了单位""我只写了一种能量储存"。这一句话的价值，远高于把整个章节重新看一遍。
Keep a tally of your error types on the front cover. If 'missing units' appears five times, your revision target is not physics knowledge, it is exam technique.
请在卷首统计自己的错误类型。如果"漏写单位"出现了五次，那么你的复习重点就不是物理知识，而是答题技巧。
2. Paper Structure and Assessment Objectives | 试卷结构与考核目标
A typical Year 7 AQA physics unit test is worth 40 to 50 marks and lasts 45 to 60 minutes. Roughly half the marks come from recalling and describing facts, and half from applying ideas to unfamiliar situations, doing calculations, and analysing data from tables or graphs. The extended writing question at the end is usually worth 6 marks and is marked for logical structure as well as correct physics.
一份典型的 Year 7 AQA 物理单元测试总分为 40 至 50 分，考试时间 45 至 60 分钟。大约一半的分数来自回忆与描述事实，另一半来自把知识应用到陌生情境、完成计算，以及分析表格或图像中的数据。卷末的论述题通常为 6 分，除了物理内容正确外，还要看逻辑结构是否清晰。
- Multiple choice and short answer: recall of definitions, units and symbols.
- Calculation questions: formula, substitution, answer, unit.
- Practical and data questions: variables, repeat readings, graphs, anomalies.
- Extended response: six marks, usually 'explain' or 'compare'.
- 选择题与简答题：考查定义、单位与符号的记忆。
- 计算题：考查公式、代入、结果与单位四步。
- 实验与数据题：考查变量、重复测量、作图与异常数据。
- 论述题：6 分，指令词通常是"解释"或"比较"。
Whatever the question type, the same four-step calculation routine always earns full marks: write the formula, substitute the numbers, calculate the answer, then add the correct unit.
无论题型如何，下面这四步计算流程永远能拿满分：写出公式、代入数值、算出结果、补上正确单位。
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
In the mock paper, a question asks: 'A hairdryer transfers electrical energy into which other energy stores?' Many students only mention thermal energy, but a hairdryer also produces kinetic energy in the moving air and sound energy from the fan and motor. The full-mark answer therefore names thermal, kinetic and sound.
模拟卷中有一道题问："吹风机将电能转化为哪些其他能量储存？"许多学生只提及热能，但吹风机还使流动的空气获得动能，风扇和马达还会产生声能。因此满分答案应写出热能、动能和声能三种。
Note the precise wording used by AQA at Key Stage 3. Energy is stored in a limited number of stores: thermal, kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic and nuclear. Electricity is best described as a transfer pathway, not a store, so a careful answer says the energy is transferred electrically from the mains supply.
注意 AQA 在 Key Stage 3 的严谨表述。能量只储存在有限几种储存中：热能、动能、重力势能、弹性势能、化学能、磁能、静电势能和核能。电更准确地说是能量的转移途径，而不是储存本身，所以严谨的答案会说能量是"通过电的方式"从市电转移过来的。
- Thermal store of the heating element and the air.
- Kinetic store of the air being blown forwards.
- Sound waves produced by the motor and the airflow.
- 加热元件和空气的热能储存增加。
- 被吹出的空气动能储存增加。
- 马达与气流产生声波。
The examiners' tip printed on the mark scheme is simple: appliances rarely transfer energy into just one store, so list every store you can justify with a reason.
评分标准上给出的考官提示很简单：电器几乎不会只把能量转移到一种储存中，所以只要你能说出理由，就把每一种储存都列出来。
4. Sankey Diagrams and Efficiency Calculations | 桑基图与效率计算
ergy arrow is labelled 60 J. The useful output is therefore 100 J − 60 J = 40 J. Draw the wasted arrow downwards as waste, and label every arrow with its value and its energy store.
另一道常见题型给出桑基图，要求你算出有用的能量输出。假设总输入为 100 J，浪费能量箭头标注为 60 J。那么有用能量输出 100 J − 60 J = 40 J。作图时应把浪费箭头向下画表示损耗，并且给每一支箭头标注数值和对应的能量储存。
The efficiency is then found from the standard formula, and you must show the substitution line to earn the calculation mark:
接着用标准公式求效率，注意必须写出代入过程才能拿到计算分：
efficiency (%) = (useful output energy ÷ total input energy) × 100%
efficiency = (40 J ÷ 100 J) × 100% = 40%
15 J into light, wasting the rest as thermal energy. The efficiency is (15 J ÷ 60 J) × 100% = 25%, and the wasted energy is 45 J.
用同样的方法再做一例：一盏灯输入 60 J，其中只有 15 J 转化为光，其余以热能浪费。效率为 (15 J ÷ 60 J) × 100% = 25%，浪费的能量为 45 J。
The efficiency formula is really a statement about conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores. That is why the input must always equal the useful output plus the waste.
效率公式本质上是在陈述能量守恒：能量既不能创造也不能消灭，只能在储存之间转移。正因为如此，输入能量必须等于有用输出能量加上浪费能量。
5. Gravitational Force and Weight | 重力与重量
A typical problem asks: 'What is the weight of a 2 kg textbook on Earth?' Students often confuse mass and weight. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) and is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is a force, measured in newtons (N), and it depends on the strength of gravity at that place.
一道典型题目问："地球上质量为 2 kg 的课本重量是多少？"学生常常混淆质量和重量。质量以千克 (kg) 为单位，表示物体所含物质的多少。重量是一种力，以牛顿 (N) 为单位，并且取决于当地重力场的强度。
The relationship is written as a word equation, and you should always write it before substituting:
二者之间的关系写成文字公式，答题时务必先写出公式再代入：
weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)
W = m × g = 2 kg × 10 N/kg = 20 N
bstitution line, because that is where the method mark is awarded. Write newtons, not kilograms, in the answer to the weight question.
地球上取 g = 10 N/kg，并且要展示代入过程，因为方法分正是在这一步给出的。求重量的答案里必须写牛顿，而不是千克。
6. Mass and Weight on Other Planets | 质量与重量在其他星球上
The follow-up question usually says something like: 'The same textbook is taken to the Moon. State and explain what happens to its mass and its weight.' Mass stays the same because the amount of matter has not changed. Weight decreases, because the gravitational field strength on the Moon is smaller.
接下来的追问通常是："把这本课本带到月球上，它的质量和重量会怎样变化？说明理由。"质量不变，因为物质的多少没有改变。重量会减小，因为月球的重力场强度更小。
| Location | g (N/kg) | Weight of a 2 kg mass |
| Earth | 10 | 20 N |
| Moon | 1.6 | 3.2 N |
| Mars | 3.7 | 7.4 N |
Use the table to check the pattern: the mass column never changes, only the weight column does. A common error is to write 'the mass becomes smaller on the Moon', which immediately loses the explain mark.
用这张表检查规律：质量一列永远不变，只有重量一列在变。常见错误是写"在月球上质量变小了"，这样解释分立刻就没有了。
7. Forces, Resultant Forces and Free-Body Diagrams | 力、合力与受力图
Forces questions ask you to describe both the size and the direction of a push or pull. Draw each force as an arrow: the length shows the size and the arrowhead shows the direction. Forces are either contact forces, such as friction and air resistance, or non-contact forces, such as gravity and magnetism.
力学的题目要求你同时描述推力或拉力的大小和方向。用箭头表示每个力：箭头长度表示大小，箭头方向表示方向。力分为接触力（如摩擦力和空气阻力）与非接触力（如重力和磁力）。
When several forces act on one object, add them as vectors to find the resultant force. Two forces of 12 N right and 5 N left give a resultant of 7 N to the right, so the object accelerates to the right. If the forces are equal and opposite, the resultant is zero and the object stays still or keeps moving at a steady speed.
当多个力作用在同一物体上时，把它们按矢量相加得到合力。向右 12 N、向左 5 N 的两个力，合力为向右 7 N，物体向右加速。如果两个力大小相等、方向相反，合力为零，物体保持静止或维持匀速运动。
A frequent mistake is to say 'zero resultant force means the object is not moving'. Zero resultant force also covers an object moving at constant velocity, which is exactly what a car does on a motorway at a steady 70 mph.
一个常见错误是写"合力为零意味着物体不动"。合力为零也包括物体做匀速运动的情形，比如汽车在高速公路上以稳定速度行驶。
8. Speed, Distance and Motion Graphs | 速度、路程与运动图像
verage speed of 100 m ÷ 20 s = 5 m/s. To convert to km/h, multiply by 3.6, giving 18 km/h.
速度题几乎总会同时考公式和单位换算。一名跑者在 20 s 内跑完 100 m，平均速度为 100 m ÷ 20 s = 5 m/s。若要换算成 km/h，乘以 3.6，得到 18 km/h。
speed (m/s) = distance travelled (m) ÷ time taken (s)
On a distance–time graph, the gradient of the line equals the speed. A horizontal line means the object is stationary, a straight sloping line means constant speed, and a curve that gets steeper means the object is accelerating. Always read the axes carefully before you calculate a gradient.
在路程—时间图像中，直线的斜率等于速度。水平线表示物体静止，倾斜直线表示匀速运动，越来越陡的曲线表示物体在加速。计算斜率前一定要先看清坐标轴的标注。
Remember that speed is a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector: two cars travelling at 50 km/h in opposite directions have the same speed but different velocities.
记住速度 (speed) 是标量，速度 (velocity) 是矢量：两辆以 50 km/h 相向行驶的汽车，速率相同但速度不同。
9. Electric Circuits: Current and Potential Difference | 电路：电流与电势差
Circuit questions test two rules. In a series circuit, the current is the same everywhere, but the potential difference of the battery is shared between the components. In a parallel circuit, the current from the battery splits between the branches, but the potential difference across each branch is the same.
电路题主要考两条规律。在串联电路中，电流处处相同，但电源的电势差由各元件分担。在并联电路中，电源电流在各支路之间分流，但每条支路两端的电势差相同。
An ammeter is connected in series with the component it measures, and a voltmeter is connected in parallel across it. Connecting a voltmeter in series is a classic one-mark error, because the very high resistance of the voltmeter stops the current.
电流表要与被测元件串联，电压表要与被测元件并联。把电压表串联进电路是典型的扣分错误，因为电压表电阻极高，会直接让电流几乎为零。
20 s transfers a charge of 0.5 A × 20 s = 10 C. State the unit, coulombs, in every answer.
电荷量可以用一个简单关系式计算。0.5 A 的电流持续 20 s，转移的电荷量为 0.5 A × 20 s = 10 C。每个答案都要写出单位库仑。
charge (C) = current (A) × time (s)
10. Waves and Sound | 波与声音
Sound is a vibration that travels through a medium as a wave. It cannot travel through a vacuum, which is why there is silence in space. The frequency of a sound wave determines its pitch and the amplitude determines its loudness.
声音是一种通过介质以波的形式传播的振动。声音无法在真空中传播，这就是太空中一片寂静的原因。声波的频率决定音调，振幅决定响度。
Human hearing covers roughly 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz. A larger amplitude means a louder sound, and a higher frequency means a higher pitch. In a wave diagram, the wavelength is the distance from one crest to the next crest.
人耳的听觉范围大约是 20 Hz 到 20 000 Hz。振幅越大声音越响，频率越高音调越高。在波形图上，波长等于相邻两个波峰之间的距离。
- Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
- Wavelength is measured in metres (m).
- Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the rest position.
- 频率的单位是赫兹 (Hz)。
- 波长的单位是米 (m)。
- 振幅是偏离平衡位置的最大距离。
A frequent mistake is to write 'sound travels faster than light'. The opposite is true: light travels at about 300 000 000 m/s, while sound travels at roughly 340 m/s in air.
常见错误是写"声音比光传播得快"。事实正好相反：光速约为 300 000 000 m/s，而声音在空气中的速度约为 340 m/s。
11. States of Matter, Density and the Particle Model | 物态、密度与粒子模型
The particle model explains the three states of matter. In a solid, particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement and only vibrate about fixed positions. In a liquid, particles are close together but can slide past one another. In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly in random directions.
粒子模型可以解释物质的三种状态。在固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则结构，只在固定位置附近振动。在液体中，粒子彼此靠近，但可以相互滑动。在气体中，粒子间距很大，并朝各个方向快速随机运动。
has a density of 540 g ÷ 200 cm³ = 2.7 g/cm³, which identifies the material as aluminium.
密度题只用一个公式：密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积。质量 540 g、体积 200 cm³ 的物块，密度为 540 g ÷ 200 cm³ = 2.7 g/cm³，据此可判断该材料是铝。
density (g/cm³ or kg/m³) = mass ÷ volume
ales, and 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³. Many students lose the last mark simply by mixing the two.
注意单位：g/cm³ 与 kg/m³ 是两套不同量级，且 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³。很多学生就是因为混用这两套单位而丢掉最后一分。
12. Practical Skills, Units and Significant Figures | 实验技能、单位与有效数字
Practical questions carry a surprising number of marks for a few sentences. You are expected to name the independent variable, the dependent variable and at least two control variables, to say that readings should be repeated and a mean calculated, and to identify anomalous results that should be ignored when drawing a line of best fit.
实验题往往只需寥寥数语就能拿到相当多的分数。你需要说出自变量、因变量以及至少两个控制变量，说明应重复测量并取平均值，并指出应忽略的异常数据，作图时不予考虑。
Units are the easiest marks on the paper and the most frequently lost. Learn the common prefixes and always check whether the answer needs a conversion.
单位是整张试卷上最容易拿、也最常丢的分数。请记住常用词头，并检查答案是否需要换算。
- k (kilo) = × 1000, as in kW and km.
- c (centi) = ÷ 100, as in cm.
- m (milli) = ÷ 1000, as in mm and mA.
- k（千）= × 1000，如 kW、km。
- c（厘）= ÷ 100，如 cm。
- m（毫）= ÷ 1000，如 mm、mA。
Finally, round your answers sensibly. If the question gives data to two significant figures, give your answer to two significant figures as well.
最后，结果要合理取位。如果题目数据给到两位有效数字，你的答案也应保留两位有效数字。
13. Top Mark-Losing Mistakes and Final Checklist | 常见失分错误与考前清单
Across all the mock papers we mark, the same handful of errors appear again and again. Check your own paper against this list before you hand it in.
在我们批改过的所有模拟卷中，反复出现的错误其实就那么几个。交卷之前，请对照下面这份清单检查自己的试卷。
- Naming only one energy store when three were asked for.
- Confusing mass in kg with weight in N.
- Omitting units in calculation answers.
- Saying zero resultant force means a stationary object.
- Mixing up g/cm³ and kg/m³.
- Connecting a voltmeter in series instead of in parallel.
- Not showing the substitution line in a calculation.
- 题目要求写三种能量储存，却只写了一种。
- 把以 kg 为单位的质量和以 N 为单位的重量混为一谈。
- 计算结果漏写单位。
- 认为合力为零就一定是静止。
- 混用 g/cm³ 与 kg/m³。
- 把电压表串联接入，而不是并联。
- 计算题没有写出代入过程。
Use the walkthrough in five short sessions rather than one long one. Mark the paper, list your error types, revise only those topics, then re-do the calculation questions from scratch two days later. That cycle is what turns a mock paper into real progress.
请把这份解析分成五次短时间学习，而不是一次长时间硬啃。先批改试卷，列出错误类型，只复习对应章节，两天后把计算题从头再做一遍。这个循环才是让模拟卷真正带来进步的关键。
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