📚 Year 7 AQA Physics: Full Curriculum Breakdown | Year 7 AQA 物理：课程大纲全面解析
Welcome to your complete guide to the Year 7 AQA Physics syllabus. This article breaks down every major topic you will study, explaining key ideas, important formulas, and essential scientific vocabulary. Whether you are revising for an end-of-topic test or building a solid foundation for KS3 science, these notes will help you master the concepts and understand how physics explains the world around you.
欢迎阅读 Year 7 AQA 物理完整指南。本文将逐一解析你将学习的所有主要专题，解释核心概念、重要公式和关键科学术语。无论你是在为期中测验复习，还是为 KS3 科学打基础，这些笔记都能帮你掌握物理知识，理解物理如何解释身边的世界。
1. Forces and Speed | 力与速度
A force is a push or a pull that can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. Forces are measured in newtons (N) and you usually measure them with a force meter. When forces on an object are balanced, it stays at rest or moves at a constant speed; unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration.
力是推或拉，它可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。力以牛顿（N）为单位，通常用力计来测量。当作用在物体上的力平衡时，物体会保持静止或匀速运动；不平衡的力则会引起加速或减速。
Speed tells you how fast an object is moving. Average speed can be calculated using a simple relationship between distance and time:
速度表示物体运动的快慢。平均速度可以通过距离和时间之间的简单关系来计算：
average speed = distance travelled ÷ time taken
metres per second (m/s) or kilometres per hour (km/h). A distance-time graph shows how far an object has moved over time; the steeper the line, the greater the speed.
用符号表示，若 v 代表速度，d 代表路程，t 代表时间，公式为 v = d ÷ t。速度常用米每秒（m/s）或千米每小时（km/h）表示。距离-时间图显示物体随时间移动的距离；线越陡，速度越快。
2. Gravity and Weight | 重力与重量
Gravity is a non-contact force that pulls objects towards each other. On Earth, gravity pulls objects towards the centre of the planet, giving them weight. Weight is not the same as mass: mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg), while weight is the force of gravity on that mass, measured in newtons (N).
重力是一种非接触力，将物体彼此拉近。在地球上，重力将物体拉向地球中心，使物体具有重量。重量与质量不同：质量是物体所含物质的多少，以千克（kg）为单位；而重量是作用在该质量上的重力，以牛顿（N）为单位。
n Earth, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg, but in Year 7 we often use 10 N/kg for simplicity. The equation is:
物体的重量可以用引力场强度 g 来计算。地球上 g 约为 9.8 N/kg，但在七年级我们常简化为 10 N/kg。方程如下：
weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)
So, a 5 kg object on Earth has a weight of about 50 N. On the Moon, where g is only about 1.6 N/kg, the same object would weigh just 8 N, even though its mass remains unchanged.
因此，一个 5 kg 的物体在地球上的重量约为 50 N。在月球上，g 只有约 1.6 N/kg，同一物体仅重 8 N，虽然它的质量没变。
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与传递
Energy is the ability to do work. It can be stored in different ways: kinetic energy (moving objects), gravitational potential energy (objects raised above the ground), thermal energy (hot objects), chemical energy (fuels, food, batteries), elastic potential energy (stretched springs), and nuclear energy (stored in atomic nuclei).
能量是做功的能力。它可以不同形式储存：动能（运动物体）、重力势能（被举高的物体）、热能（高温物体）、化学能（燃料、食物、电池）、弹性势能（被拉伸的弹簧）以及核能（储存在原子核内）。
Energy can be transferred from one store to another by four main pathways: mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (by an electric current), by heating (from a hotter to a cooler object), and by radiation (such as light or sound waves). In all transfers, the total amount of energy remains the same – this is the principle of conservation of energy.
能量可以通过四种主要途径从一个储存转移到另一个储存：机械做功（通过力做功）、电做功（通过电流）、加热（从高温物体到低温物体）以及辐射（如光波或声波）。在所有传递中，能量总量保持不变——这就是能量守恒定律。
ulb. A Sankey diagram illustrates these transfers, with arrow widths showing the proportion of useful and wasted energy.
简单的能量传递图可以展示如下变化：电池中的化学能→导线中的电能→灯泡的光能和热能。桑基图用箭头宽度表示有用能量和浪费能量的比例，展示能量传递过程。
4. Fuels and Renewable Resources | 燃料与可再生资源
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) have been formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. They store chemical energy that is released when they are burned. However, burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other pollutants, contributing to climate change and acid rain.
化石燃料（煤、石油、天然气）是由远古动植物遗骸经过数百万年形成的。它们储存的化学能在燃烧时释放。然而，燃烧化石燃料会释放二氧化碳（CO₂）和其他污染物，导致气候变化和酸雨。
Renewable energy resources can be replenished quickly and include solar power (from the Sun), wind power, wave power, tidal power, hydroelectric power (from falling water), geothermal energy (heat from inside the Earth), and biomass. These resources tend to have less impact on the environment, but they can be less reliable or more expensive to build.
可再生能源可以快速补充，包括太阳能、风能、波浪能、潮汐能、水力发电（利用落水）、地热能（来自地球内部的热量）以及生物质能。这些资源通常对环境的影响较小，但可能不那么稳定，或建造成本更高。
Electricity is generated in power stations. Most use a turbine connected to a generator. In fossil fuel and nuclear stations, water is heated to make steam that spins the turbine. In hydroelectric stations, falling water spins the turbine directly.
电力在发电站产生。大多数发电站使用与发电机相连的涡轮机。在化石燃料和核电站中，加热水产生蒸汽推动涡轮机旋转。在水电站中，落水直接驱动涡轮机。
5. Sound Waves and Hearing | 声波与听觉
Sound is produced by vibrating objects. These vibrations travel through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) as longitudinal waves, where the particles move back and forth in the same direction as the wave travels. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to carry the vibrations.
声音由振动产生。这些振动通过介质（固体、液体或气体）以纵波形式传播，即粒子的振动方向与波的传播方向相同。声音不能在真空中传播，因为那里没有粒子来传递振动。
The frequency of a sound wave determines its pitch: high frequency means high pitch, and low frequency means low pitch. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). The amplitude of the wave determines the loudness: greater amplitude produces a louder sound. Humans can typically hear frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz.
声波的频率决定音调：频率高则音调高，频率低则音调低。频率以赫兹（Hz）为单位。波的振幅决定响度：振幅越大，声音越响。人类通常能听到的频率范围约为 20 Hz 至 20 000 Hz。
Sound travels at different speeds in different materials. It moves fastest in solids, then liquids, and slowest in gases. An oscilloscope trace can show sound waves, allowing you to see differences in frequency and amplitude clearly.
声音在不同材料中传播的速度不同。它在固体中传播最快，液体中次之，气体中最慢。示波器轨迹可以显示声波，让你清楚地看到频率和振幅的差异。
6. Light and Reflection | 光与反射
Light travels in straight lines at a speed of about 300 000 km/s in a vacuum. We see objects because light from a source, like the Sun or a lamp, reflects off them and enters our eyes. Luminous objects make their own light; non-luminous objects only reflect light.
光沿直线传播，在真空中的速度约为 300 000 km/s。我们能看到物体，是因为来自光源（如太阳或灯）的光从物体反射后进入眼睛。发光体自己发光；非发光体只反射光。
When light hits a smooth, shiny surface like a plane mirror, it obeys the law of reflection:
当光照射到光亮的平面镜等光滑表面时，它遵循反射定律：
angle of incidence (∠i) = angle of reflection (∠r)
These angles are measured between the ray and the normal – an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point where the light hits. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
这些角度是从光线与法线的夹角测量的。法线是一条在光入射点处垂直于表面的虚拟线。入射光线、反射光线和法线在同一平面内。
A virtual image in a plane mirror is upright, laterally inverted (left becomes right), and the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front. Reflection is why you can see your own image in a still pond or a bathroom mirror.
平面镜中的虚像是正立的、左右颠倒的，且像到镜面的距离等于物体到镜面的距离。反射就是为什么你能在平静的池塘或浴室镜子中看到自己的影像。
7. Current and Simple Circuits | 电流与简单电路
An electric current is a flow of electric charge, usually carried by moving electrons in a wire. Current is measured in amperes (amps, A) using an ammeter connected in series. For current to flow, you need a complete circuit with a power source (such as a cell or battery), connecting wires, and a load (like a bulb or buzzer).
电流是电荷的流动，通常由导线中移动的电子承载。电流以安培（A）为单位，使用串联在电路中的安培计来测量。要产生电流，需要一个完整的电路，包括电源（如电池）、导线和负载（如灯泡或蜂鸣器）。
In a series circuit, there is only one path for the current. The current is the same at every point. If you add more bulbs in series, the current decreases, and the bulbs become dimmer. In a parallel circuit, there are multiple branches; the total current from the supply splits between the branches, but each component can work independently.
在串联电路中，电流只有一条路径，各点的电流相同。如果增加更多灯泡串联，电流会减小，灯泡变暗。在并联电路中，存在多个分支；电源输出的总电流在各支路间分配，但每个元件可以独立工作。
Common circuit symbols you learn in Year 7 include those for cells, batteries, bulbs, switches (open and closed), buzzers, motors, resistors, and variable resistors. Drawing clear circuit diagrams using these symbols is an essential skill.
七年级学习的常用电路符号包括：电池、电池组、灯泡、开关（断开与闭合）、蜂鸣器、电动机、电阻器和可变电阻器。运用这些符号画出清晰的电路图是一项重要技能。
8. Voltage and Resistance | 电压与电阻
Voltage (or potential difference) is a measure of the 'push' or energy given to the charges in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter connected in parallel. A higher voltage means more energy is available to push the current around the circuit.
电压（或称电势差）是对电路中电荷所受“推力”或能量的量度。它以伏特（V）为单位，使用并联在电路中的伏特计来测量。电压越高，推动电流在电路中流动所用的能量越多。
Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a component. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). Wires have very low resistance, but components like bulbs and resistors have higher resistance, limiting the current. The more resistance there is, the smaller the current (for a given voltage).
电阻衡量电流流过元件的难易程度，以欧姆（Ω）为单位。导线电阻很低，但灯泡、电阻器等元件具有较高的电阻，会限制电流。电阻越大，在给定电压下电流就越小。
For a fixed resistor, the voltage across it and the current through it are linked by Ohm's law, which you may meet early in KS3:
对于固定电阻，其两端的电压和通过的电流由欧姆定律联系起来，你可能在 KS3 早期就会遇到：
voltage (V) = current (I) × resistance (R)
= 1.5 A. This relationship helps you design and predict the behaviour of simple circuits.
因此，如果 3 V 电池连接一个 6 Ω 的电阻，电流为 I = V ÷ R = 1.5 A。这一关系有助于设计和预测简单电路的行为。
9. The Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
The particle model describes how all matter is made up of tiny, constantly moving particles (atoms or molecules). The arrangement and movement of these particles determine whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. In solids, particles are packed tightly in a regular pattern and only vibrate on the spot. In liquids, particles are close together but can slide past each other. In gases, particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions.
粒子模型描述所有物质都由极小的、不断运动的粒子（原子或分子）构成。这些粒子的排列和运动方式决定了物质是固体、液体还是气体。在固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则图案，只能在位置上振动。液体中，粒子紧密但能相互滑过。气体中，粒子间距很大，并快速向各个方向运动。
This model explains observations like why solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, and gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed easily.
该模型能解释许多现象，例如为什么固体有固定的形状和体积，液体有固定体积但取容器形状，而气体既没有固定形状也没有固定体积，且很容易被压缩。
The internal energy of a substance is the total kinetic energy (movement) and potential energy (due to positions) of its particles. Heating increases the particles' kinetic energy, which can lead to a change of state or a rise in temperature.
一种物质的内能是其粒子总动能（运动）和总势能（因位置）之和。加热会增加粒子的动能，这可能导致物态变化或温度升高。
10. Changes of State | 物态变化
Matter can change between solid, liquid, and gas through physical processes. These changes are reversible: melting (solid to liquid), freezing (liquid to solid), boiling/evaporating (liquid to gas), condensing (gas to liquid), sublimating (solid to gas directly), and deposition (gas to solid).
物质可以在固体、液体和气体之间发生物理变化。这些变化是可逆的：熔化（固→液）、凝固（液→固）、沸腾/蒸发（液→气）、凝结（气→液）、升华（固直接→气）和凝华（气→固）。
When a substance melts or boils, energy is taken in from the surroundings, but the temperature stays constant until the change is complete. This absorbed energy is used to overcome the attractive forces between particles, not to raise kinetic energy. Similarly, when a substance condenses or freezes, energy is released.
物质熔化或沸腾时从周围吸收能量，但温度保持不变，直至变化完成。所吸收的能量用于克服粒子间的吸引力，而非提高动能。同样，物质凝结或凝固时会释放能量。
The melting point of pure ice is 0 °C, and the boiling point of pure water is 100 °C at standard pressure. Heating and cooling curves show these plateaus clearly, helping you identify the temperature at which changes of state occur.
纯净冰的熔点为 0 °C，纯净水在标准气压下的沸点为 100 °C。加热和冷却曲线能清楚地显示这些平台，帮助你确定发生物态变化的温度。
11. The Solar System and Space | 太阳系与太空
The Solar System consists of the Sun (our star), eight planets and their moons, dwarf planets like Pluto, asteroids, and comets. The inner, rocky planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars – are relatively small and solid. The outer, gas giant planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune – are much larger and mostly made of gas or ice.
太阳系由太阳（我们的恒星）、八颗行星及其卫星、如冥王星这样的矮行星、小行星和彗星组成。内太阳系的类地行星——水星、金星、地球和火星——相对较小且由岩石组成。外太阳系的气态巨行星——木星、土星、天王星和海王星——要大得多，主要由气体或冰构成。
Gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun. The closer a planet is to the Sun, the stronger the gravitational pull on it, and the faster it needs to travel to stay in orbit. Moons orbit planets for the same reason. Artificial satellites, like those used for communications and GPS, are placed in orbit around Earth.
重力使行星围绕太阳运转。行星离太阳越近，受到的引力越强，就需要以更快的速度运行才能保持在轨道上。卫星（天然卫星）也因同样原因绕行星运转。人造卫星，如用于通讯和 GPS 的卫星，被送入绕地轨道。
Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. It takes one year (just over 365 days) to orbit the Sun. The tilt of Earth's axis causes the seasons. When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it experiences summer; when tilted away, it is winter.
地球每 24 小时绕地轴自转一周，形成昼夜。它绕太阳公转一周需要一年（略多于 365 天）。地轴的倾斜导致了四季变化。北半球向太阳倾斜时为夏季；偏离太阳时为冬季。
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