📚 Year 7 AQA Physics: Key Knowledge Summary | Year 7 AQA 物理：核心知识点梳理
This revision guide outlines the key physics concepts covered in Year 7 under the AQA syllabus. Understanding these fundamentals builds a strong foundation for future science studies.
本复习指南总结了 Year 7 AQA 物理课程中的核心概念。掌握这些基础知识能为未来的科学学习打下坚实基础。
1. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy is never created or destroyed; it is transferred between different stores. The main energy stores include thermal (heat), kinetic (movement), chemical (fuels, food, batteries), gravitational potential (height), elastic potential (stretched or compressed objects), and nuclear energy.
能量既不会创生也不会消灭，它只是在不同的储存之间转移。主要的能量储存包括热能、动能、化学能（燃料、食物、电池）、重力势能（高度）、弹性势能（拉伸或压缩的物体）和核能。
Energy can be transferred by four pathways: heating, doing work (when a force moves an object), by waves (light or sound), or by an electric current. For example, when you switch on a lamp, electrical energy is transferred into light and thermal energy.
能量可以通过四种途径转移：加热、做功（力移动物体）、波（光或声）或电流。例如，当你打开一盏灯时，电能转化为光能和热能。
2. Forces | 力
A force is a push or a pull that can change the shape, speed, or direction of an object. Forces are measured in newtons (N) using a spring balance or a newton meter. Forces can be contact forces (like friction, air resistance, tension) or non-contact forces (like gravity, magnetism, electrostatic force).
力是推或拉，可以改变物体的形状、速度或方向。力的单位是牛顿 (N)，可用弹簧秤或牛顿计测量。力可以是接触力（如摩擦力、空气阻力、张力）或非接触力（如重力、磁力、静电力）。
Forces often act in pairs: when you push a wall, the wall pushes back with an equal and opposite force. A force can be represented by an arrow showing its direction and size.
力通常成对出现：当你推墙时，墙会以相等且反向的力推回你。力可以用箭头表示，箭头指向力的方向，长度表示力的大小。
3. Gravity and Weight | 重力与重量
Gravity is a non-contact force that pulls objects towards the centre of the Earth (or any other massive body). Weight is the force of gravity acting on an object's mass. Weight is measured in newtons, while mass is the amount of matter and is measured in kilograms (kg).
重力是一种非接触力，将物体拉向地球（或其他大质量天体）的中心。重量是作用在物体质量上的重力。重量以牛顿 (N) 为单位，而质量是物体所含物质的多少，以千克 (kg) 为单位。
arth, gravitational field strength g ≈ 10 N/kg, so a 1 kg mass has a weight of about 10 N.
重量、质量和重力场强度之间的关系为：重量 (N) = 质量 (kg) × 重力场强度 (N/kg)。在地球上，重力场强度 g ≈ 10 N/kg，因此质量为 1 kg 的物体重量约为 10 N。
4. Speed | 速度
Speed measures how quickly an object moves. It is the distance travelled per unit of time. The formula for average speed is:
速度衡量物体运动的快慢，是单位时间内通过的距离。平均速度的计算公式为：
speed = distance ÷ time
速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间
Common units for speed are metres per second (m/s) or kilometres per hour (km/h). A distance-time graph shows how distance changes over time; a straight diagonal line means constant speed, while a horizontal line means the object is stationary.
常用的速度单位是米每秒 (m/s) 或千米每小时 (km/h)。距离-时间图显示距离随时间的变化；一条倾斜的直线表示匀速运动，而水平线表示物体静止。
5. Electric Circuits | 电路
An electric circuit is a complete loop that allows electric current to flow. For current to flow, the circuit must be closed and contain a source of energy (such as a cell or battery). Components like bulbs, buzzers, and motors can be connected by conducting wires.
电路是允许电流流动的完整回路。电流要流动，电路必须是闭合的，并且包含一个能量源（如电池或电芯）。灯泡、蜂鸣器和电动机等元件可以通过导线连接。
Circuit diagrams use standard symbols to represent components. All components in a series circuit are connected one after another in a single loop; if one component breaks, the circuit is broken and all components stop working.
电路图使用标准符号来表示元件。在串联电路中，所有元件一个接一个地连接在单一回路中；如果一个元件损坏，电路就会断开，所有元件都停止工作。
6. Current, Voltage and Resistance | 电流、电压与电阻
Electric current is the flow of electric charge (usually electrons). It is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter connected in series. In a series circuit, the current is the same at all points.
电流是电荷（通常是电子）的流动，单位为安培 (A)，用串联在电路中的电流表测量。在串联电路中，各处电流相等。
Voltage (or potential difference) is the 'push' that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter connected in parallel. In a series circuit, the voltage from the battery is shared between components.
电压（或电位差）是推动电流在电路中流动的"推力"，单位为伏特 (V)，用并联在电路中的电压表测量。在串联电路中，电池的电压由各元件分担。
Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Wires have very low resistance, while components like bulbs have higher resistance. Adding more bulbs in series increases total resistance and reduces current.
电阻衡量电流流动的困难程度，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。导线的电阻很小，而灯泡等元件电阻较大。在串联电路中增加灯泡会增大总电阻、减小电流。
7. Sound Waves | 声波
Sound is produced by vibrations. These vibrations travel through a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) as a longitudinal wave. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to vibrate.
声音由振动产生。振动以纵波的形式通过介质（固体、液体或气体）传播。声音不能在真空中传播，因为没有粒子可以振动。
The speed of sound depends on the medium: it travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases. In air, sound travels at about 340 m/s. The loudness of a sound is related to the amplitude of the wave, and the pitch is related to the frequency.
声速取决于介质：在固体中最快，气体中最慢。在空气中，声速约为 340 m/s。声音的响度与波幅有关，音调与频率有关。
The human ear detects sound waves and converts them into electrical signals for the brain. Hearing can be damaged by very loud sounds.
人耳检测声波并将其转换成电信号传给大脑。非常响亮的声音会损害听力。
8. Light | 光
Light is a form of energy that travels in straight lines at a very high speed (about 300 000 000 m/s in a vacuum). Light can travel through a vacuum, unlike sound. When light hits an object, it can be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.
光是一种能量形式，以直线传播，速度非常快（真空中约 3 × 10⁸ m/s）。与声音不同，光可以在真空中传播。当光照射到物体上时，可能被反射、吸收或透射。
We see objects because light reflects off them into our eyes. A plane mirror reflects light according to the law of reflection: the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
我们能看见物体，是因为光从物体表面反射进入眼睛。平面镜反射光线遵循反射定律：入射角等于反射角。
White light is made up of a spectrum of colours (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet), which can be separated by a prism. A filter absorbs certain colours and transmits others.
白光由一系列颜色（红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫）组成，可以用棱镜分离。滤光片吸收某些颜色而透射其他颜色。
9. Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
All matter is made up of tiny particles. The particle model describes the arrangement and movement of these particles in solids, liquids, and gases. In solids, particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, particles are close together but can move past each other, taking the shape of the container. In gases, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.
所有物质都由微小粒子组成。粒子模型描述了固体、液体和气体中粒子的排列和运动。在固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则结构，只能在固定位置振动。在液体中，粒子彼此靠近但可以相互滑动，呈容器的形状。在气体中，粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动。
Changes of state, such as melting, freezing, boiling, evaporating, and condensing, can be explained by gaining or losing energy, which changes the movement and arrangement of particles.
状态变化，如熔化、凝固、沸腾、蒸发和凝结，都可以用吸收或释放能量，从而改变粒子的运动和排列来解释。
10. The Solar System | 太阳系
Our Solar System consists of the Sun (a star), eight planets, their moons, and other objects such as dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets. The planets in order from the Sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
我们的太阳系由太阳（一颗恒星）、八颗行星、它们的卫星以及矮行星、小行星和彗星等天体组成。按距太阳由近到远排列，行星依次是水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星。
The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, causing day and night. It orbits the Sun once every 365.25 days (one year). The Moon orbits Earth approximately every 28 days. The tilt of Earth's axis causes the seasons.
地球每 24 小时自转一周，形成了昼夜。地球围绕太阳公转一周约为 365.25 天（一年）。月球大约每 28 天绕地球运行一周。地轴的倾斜造成了四季。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图