📚 Year 7 Edexcel Engineering: Key Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Edexcel 七年级工程：关键术语速记指南
Engineering can feel like learning a new language, full of special words that describe materials, forces, tools and processes. For Year 7 students starting out with the Edexcel curriculum, building a strong vocabulary early on is the secret to understanding lessons, reading design briefs and talking confidently about your projects. This guide breaks down fifty must-know terms into ten themed sections, pairing each definition with a simple memory trick. Read the English and Chinese side by side, and you will soon find these words becoming part of your everyday technical thinking.
工程学有时就像学习一门全新的语言，充满了描述材料、力、工具和工艺的专业词汇。对于刚开始学习Edexcel课程的七年级学生来说，尽早建立起扎实的词汇量是理解课堂内容、阅读设计任务书以及自信谈论自己项目的秘诀。这份指南将五十个必知术语分成十个主题小节，每个定义都配上一个简单的记忆窍门。把你的英文和中文对照着读，很快你就会发现这些词汇会融入你日常的技术思维中。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
Strength: The ability of a material to withstand an applied force without breaking or deforming.
强度：材料承受外力而不破裂或变形的能力。
Picture a steel chain holding a heavy engine block – the chain needs high tensile strength so it does not snap.
想象一条钢链吊着沉重的发动机缸体——链子需要很高的抗拉强度才不会突然断开。
Hardness: The resistance of a material to scratching, indentation or surface wear.
硬度：材料抵抗刮擦、压痕或表面磨损的能力。
Think of a diamond scratching glass effortlessly; a material with high hardness can mark a softer one.
想象钻石轻松划过玻璃；硬度高的材料可以在较软的材料上留下划痕。
Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically without fracturing.
韧性：材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。
Imagine a rubber ball being squashed and then springing back – toughness means it can take sudden impacts without shattering.
想象一只橡胶球被压扁后又弹回来——韧性意味着它能承受突然的冲击而不碎裂。
Malleability: The ability of a material to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets without cracking.
可锻性：材料能被锤打或压制成薄片而不开裂的能力。
Watching aluminium foil being rolled out from a thick slab shows malleability in action; gold leaf is another extreme example.
观察铝箔从厚板被碾压出来的过程就像看到了可锻性的实际表现；金箔则是另一个极端的例子。
Ductility: The ability of a material to be drawn into a wire without losing strength.
延性：材料被拉成细丝而强度不下降的能力。
Copper wiring in your phone charger is possible because copper is highly ductile – it can be stretched into long, thin strands.
你手机充电器里的铜导线之所以能存在，是因为铜具有很强的延性——它可以被拉成长长的细丝。
2. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Tension: A pulling force that tries to stretch a material or structure.
拉力：试图拉伸材料或结构的牵引力。
When you play tug-of-war, the rope is under tension; it is being pulled from both ends.
当你玩拔河游戏时，绳子就承受着拉力；它被从两端向外拉扯。
Compression: A pushing force that squeezes a material or structure together.
压力：将材料或结构挤在一起的推力。
A table leg experiences compression when you rest heavy books on top – it is being squashed downwards.
你在桌上放上厚书时，桌腿就承受着压力——它被向下挤压。
Shear: A force that causes two adjacent parts of a material to slide past each other in opposite directions.
剪切力：导致材料相邻两部分沿相反方向相对滑动的力。
Cutting a piece of paper with scissors involves shear; the blades slide past each other, tearing the fibres apart.
用剪刀剪纸就涉及剪切力；刀刃相对滑过，将纸纤维撕开。
Torsion: A twisting force applied to an object, causing it to rotate around its own axis.
扭力：施加在物体上的扭转力，使它绕自身轴旋转。
When you wring out a wet towel, your hands apply torsion – the towel twists tightly along its length.
当你拧干湿毛巾时，你的双手就在施加扭力——毛巾沿着长度方向被紧紧扭转。
Equilibrium: A state in which all forces acting on a structure balance, resulting in no movement.
平衡：作用在结构上的所有力相互抵消，从而不产生运动的状态。
A see-saw perfectly level with two identical children at the ends is in equilibrium; all forces are equal.
一个两端坐着完全相同儿童的跷跷板保持水平时就是处于平衡状态；所有的力都相等。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: Pouring molten metal or plastic into a mould and letting it solidify into the desired shape.
铸造：将熔融金属或塑料倒入模具，待其凝固成所需形状的工艺。
Think of making jelly in shaped containers; the liquid sets and takes the form of the mould – casting works the same way with metals.
想象在造型容器里做果冻；液体凝固后取了模具的形状——铸造对金属也是如此。
Forging: Shaping metal by hammering or pressing while it is hot, which improves its strength.
锻造：趁金属还炽热时通过锤打或压制来成型，从而提高其强度的工艺。
A blacksmith hammering a glowing iron bar into a sword blade is the classic image of forging; the repeated blows align the metal’s internal grain.
铁匠把烧红的铁条锤打成剑刃，是锻造的经典画面；反复的捶打使金属内部的晶粒对齐。
Milling: Removing material from a workpiece using a rotating cutting tool to create slots, holes or flat surfaces.
铣削：使用旋转刀具从工件上去除材料，以加工出槽、孔或平面的工艺。
Imagine a dentist’s drill shaping a tooth – a milling machine spins a cutter that carves away metal or plastic just as precisely.
想象牙医的钻头修整牙齿——铣床旋转的刀具同样精密地切削掉金属或塑料。
Drilling: Creating round holes in a material using a rotating drill bit.
钻孔：使用旋转的钻头在材料上加工出圆孔的工艺。
The simple act of making a hole in wood with a hand drill is drilling; the spiral flutes on the bit remove the waste material.
用手钻在木头上打孔这个简单的动作就是钻孔；钻头上的螺旋凹槽会将废料排出。
Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): Building an object layer by layer from a digital model, adding material only where it is needed.
增材制造（3D打印）：根据数字模型逐层构建物体，只在需要的地方添加材料的工艺。
Picture a hot glue gun carefully drawing a shape on paper, stacking layer upon layer until a plastic cube appears – that is the essence of 3D printing.
想象热熔胶枪小心地在纸上画出一个形状，一层一层堆叠直到一个塑料立方体出现——那就是3D打印的本质。
4. Tools and Equipment | 工具与设备
Vernier Caliper: A precision measuring instrument with two jaws, used to measure internal, external and depth dimensions accurately.
游标卡尺：一种带有两个卡爪的精密测量仪器，用于精确测量内径、外径和深度尺寸。
Think of a ruler with an extra sliding scale that lets you read down to 0.1 mm; engineers rely on it when a normal ruler is not precise enough.
想象一把带有一个额外滑动刻度的直尺，能够读出0.1毫米的精度；当普通直尺不够精确时，工程师就靠它。
Micrometer: An even more precise measuring tool that uses a calibrated screw to measure thicknesses or small distances, often to 0.01 mm.
千分尺：一种更精密的测量工具，利用校准过的螺旋来测量厚度或微小距离，通常精度可达0.01毫米。
Picture a C-clamp with a finely threaded spindle; as you turn the thimble, the spindle advances just a whisper, allowing measurements as thin as a strand of hair.
想象一个带有精密螺纹主轴的C形夹；当你转动微分筒时，主轴仅前进极微小的距离，可以测量像头发丝一样薄的物体。
Spanner: A hand tool with a shaped jaw designed to grip and turn nuts or bolts.
扳手：一种带有特定形状钳口的手动工具，用于夹紧和转动螺母或螺栓。
When you assemble flat-pack furniture, that little L-shaped tool for hexagon-head screws is a type of spanner; it multiplies the force from your hand.
在组装平板家具时，那个用来拧六角螺丝的小L型工具就是一种扳手；它能放大你手部的力量。
Soldering Iron: A heated metal tip used to melt solder, creating a permanent electrical connection between wires or components.
烙铁：一种用于熔化焊锡的加热金属头，用来在导线或元件之间建立永久性电气连接。
Think of a glowing pen that paints liquid silver; the solder cools and hardens, joining two metal parts like a conductive glue.
想象一支发光的笔，能画出液态银；焊锡冷却凝固后，像导电胶水一样将两个金属部件连接起来。
Multimeter: An electronic measuring instrument that combines several functions, typically measuring voltage, current and resistance.
万用表：一种集合多种功能的电子测量仪器，通常可测量电压、电流和电阻。
Imagine a doctor's stethoscope for circuits; instead of listening to a heartbeat, the multimeter probes check whether electricity is flowing correctly.
想象一把电路的“听诊器”；万用表不像听诊器那样听心跳，而是用探针检测电流是否在正常流动。
5. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Gear: A toothed wheel that meshes with another gear to transmit torque and change speed or direction.
齿轮：一种带齿的轮子，与另一齿轮啮合以传递转矩并改变速度或方向。
When you see bicycle chainrings and cogs turning together, you are watching gears transfer your pedalling force to the wheels, often making it easier to climb hills.
当你看到自行车牙盘和飞轮一起转动时，你看到的就是齿轮在把你的蹬踏力传递给车轮，这常常让爬坡变得更省力。
Lever: A rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum, used to lift or move loads with less effort.
杠杆：一根围绕固定支点转动的刚性杆，用来以较小的力气提起或移动重物。
A crowbar lifting a heavy rock is a lever; the further from the fulcrum you push, the easier the rock lifts.
撬棍撬起沉重岩石就是杠杆；你施力位置离支点越远，岩石撬起来就越轻松。
Pulley: A wheel with a groove for a rope or belt, used to change the direction of a force or to lift heavy loads with mechanical advantage.
滑轮：一个带有绳槽或皮带槽的轮子，用于改变力的方向或通过机械优势来提升重物。
On a flag pole, a single pulley lets you pull down on the rope while the flag goes up; the direction of your force is changed.
在旗杆上，一个简单的滑轮让你把绳子往下拉，而旗子向上走；你的用力方向被改变了。
Linkage: An assembly of connected bars or levers that transmit motion and force from one point to another.
连杆机构：由相互连接的杆或杠杆组成的装置，将运动和力从一点传递到另一点。
The folding arms of a pop-up laundry rack use a linkage to convert a gentle push into smooth, parallel opening.
折叠晾衣架的折叠臂就是利用连杆机构，把轻轻一推转化成了平稳的平行展开。
Cam: A rotating or sliding piece of shaped profile that converts rotary motion into linear reciprocating motion, commonly used in engines.
凸轮：一种旋转或滑动的形状轮廓件，能将旋转运动转化为直线往复运动，常用于发动机中。
Make a fist and rotate your wrist – an imaginary egg sitting on your knuckle would move up and down; a cam works in a similar way to open and close valves.
握紧拳头并转动手腕——想象一颗鸡蛋放在你的指关节上，它会上下移动；凸轮就是以类似的方式控制阀门的开闭。
6. Electronics and Circuits | 电子与电路
Voltage: The pressure or energy per charge that pushes electric current through a circuit, measured in volts (V).
电压：驱动电流通过电路的压力或每单位电荷的能量，以伏特(V)为单位。
Think of voltage as the height of a waterfall; the higher the waterfall, the more energy each water drop carries to turn a turbine.
把电压想象成瀑布的高度；瀑布越高，每滴水携带的能量就越多，越容易转动水轮机。
Current: The flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes or amps (A).
电流：电荷通过导体的流动，以安培(A)为单位。
Imagine a river's stream: current is the amount of water (charge) passing a point each second. The stronger the flow, the higher the current.
想象河流的水流：电流就是每秒钟流过某一点的水量（电荷量）。水流越急，电流就越大。
Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻：对电流流动的阻碍，以欧姆(Ω)为单位。
Picture a narrow, twisty pipe compared to a wide, straight one; the narrow pipe offers more resistance, reducing the flow of water just as a resistor limits current.
想象一根又窄又弯的水管对比一根又宽又直的水管；窄水管会提供更大的阻力，减少水流，电阻器就是这样限制电流的。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): A semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it, used in displays and indicator lights.
发光二极管（LED）：一种半导体器件，当电流通过时就会发光，用于显示器和指示灯。
Think of a tiny electronic traffic light that glows brightly without getting hot; phone flashlights and TV remote controls use LEDs because they are efficient and last for years.
想象一个不发烫却能闪着明亮光芒的微型电子交通灯；手机闪光灯和电视遥控器都使用LED，因为它们高效且寿命长达数年。
Battery: A device that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to power circuits.
电池：一种储存化学能并将其转化为电能来为电路供电的装置。
When you pop an AA cell into a game controller, you are giving the circuit a portable store of energy, ready to be released as current.
当你把一节五号电池装入游戏手柄时，你就是在给电路一个便携式能量库，随时准备以电流的形式释放出来。
7. Design and Drawing | 设计与绘图
Isometric Drawing: A 3D pictorial drawing where the three axes appear equally foreshortened, with vertical lines drawn vertically and horizontal lines at 30 degrees.
等轴测图：一种三维立体图，其中三个轴看起来等比例缩短，垂直线保持垂直，水平线则画成30度角。
Think of drawing a cube where you can see three faces at once; all edges are parallel to one of three lines, like building with a special triangular grid.
想象画一个你能同时看到三个面的立方体；所有的边都平行于三条线之一，就像是在一种特殊的三角网格上搭建。
Orthographic Projection: A method of representing a 3D object through two or more 2D views, typically front, top and side, each drawn to scale and aligned.
正交投影：一种通过两个或更多二维视图（通常为前视图、俯视图和侧视图）表现三维物体的方法，每个视图按比例绘制并对齐。
Picture a glass box around an object and tracing what you see on each face; the front view is on the front panel, the top view above it, all perfectly matched.
想象一个玻璃盒子罩在一个物体周围，描下你在每个面上看到的样子；前视图就在前面的玻璃上，俯视图在上面，一切都严丝合缝。
Dimension: A numerical value on a drawing that indicates the size or location of a feature, shown with extension lines and arrows.
尺寸标注：图纸上用引线和箭头标出的数值，表示某个特征的尺寸或位置。
Think of it as giving a map to the manufacturer; without dimensions, nobody knows how long to cut the piece or where to drill the hole.
把它看作给制造商的一张地图；没有尺寸标注，就没人知道零件该切多长，或者该在哪个位置钻孔。
Scale: The ratio between the size of a drawing and the actual size of the object it represents, such as 1:2 for half size or 2:1 for double size.
比例：图纸尺寸与实际物体尺寸之间的比率，例如1:2表示缩小至一半，2:1表示放大一倍。
When an entire room is drawn on an A4 page, a scale factor ensures every furniture piece stays in correct proportion, like a miniaturised map.
当整个房间被画在一张A4纸上时，比例因子确保每一件家具都保持正确的尺寸关系，就像一张微缩地图。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): The use of computer software to create, modify and optimise 2D or 3D designs with high precision.
计算机辅助设计（CAD）：使用计算机软件以高精度创建、修改和优化二维或三维设计。
Imagine sketching a phone stand on screen, instantly spinning it around and sending the file to a 3D printer – that is CAD turning ideas into ready-to-make models.
想象在屏幕上草绘一个手机支架，瞬间旋转视角，然后把文件发送到3D打印机——这就是CAD将想法变成可制造模型的过程。
8. Safety and Testing | 安全与测试
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): Equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards, including safety goggles, gloves, steel-toe boots and ear defenders.
个人防护装备（PPE）：为最大限度减少危害暴露而佩戴的装备，包括护目镜、手套、钢头鞋和耳罩。
Before walking into a workshop, picture a suit of armour for engineers; goggles shield your eyes from flying chips, and boots protect your feet from heavy drops.
在走进工场前，想象一套工程师的铠甲；护目镜保护眼睛免受飞屑伤害，安全鞋则保护双脚免被重物砸伤。
Risk Assessment: A careful examination of what could cause harm in a workspace, so you can decide whether enough precautions have been taken.
风险评估：对工作空间中可能造成伤害的因素进行仔细检查，以便决定是否已经采取了足够的预防措施。
Think of it as a mental 'spot the hazard' game before starting any task; you look for spilled oil, loose cables or hot surfaces and then control those risks.
把它看作开始任何任务前的一个“发现危险”心理游戏；你观察是否有洒漏的油、松动的电缆或灼热的表面，然后控制这些风险。
Tensile Test: A destructive test where a sample is pulled apart slowly to measure its strength and how far it stretches before breaking.
拉伸试验：一种破坏性测试，将样品缓慢拉断，以测量其强度以及在断裂前的延伸量。
Imagine a tug-of-war with a metal dumbbell-shaped specimen; a machine records the exact force and stretch until the specimen snaps with a loud 'crack'.
想象一场和一个哑铃状金属试样的拔河赛；一台机器记录下准确的力和伸长量，直到伴随一声响亮的“啪”试样断裂。
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Testing methods that check materials and welds for defects without causing damage, such as ultrasonic or dye penetrant inspection.
无损检测（NDT）：在不造成破坏的情况下检查材料和焊缝缺陷的测试方法，如超声波检测或着色渗透检测。
X-raying a suitcase at an airport inspects inside without opening it; similarly, engineers use sound waves or coloured dyes to look for hidden cracks in metal.
机场给行李箱拍X光就是在不打开箱子的情况下检查内部；同样，工程师用声波或彩色染料来寻找金属内部隐藏的裂缝。
9. Energy and Power | 能源与动力
Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses because of its motion; the faster or heavier it is, the more kinetic energy it has.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量；运动越快或质量越重，动能就越大。
A rolling bowling ball carries kinetic energy that knocks down pins; even a tiny pellet travelling at high speed can have enough kinetic energy to dent a can.
滚动的保龄球携带着能够击倒球瓶的动能；即便是高速飞行的微小弹丸，其动能也足以在罐子上打出凹痕。
Potential Energy: Stored energy that depends on an object’s position or condition, such as a lifted weight or a compressed spring.
势能：储存的能量，取决于物体的位置或状态，例如被举高的重物或压缩的弹簧。
A rock sitting at the top of a hill has gravitational potential energy; it sits quietly but releases all that energy as motion if it rolls down.
山顶上的岩石具有重力势能；它安静地呆着，但一旦滚落山坡就会把所有能量以运动的形式释放出来。
Renewable Energy: Energy sources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale, like sunlight, wind, waves and geothermal heat.
可再生能源：在人类时间尺度上能够自然补充的能源，如阳光、风、波浪和地热。
Unlike a battery that goes flat, the sun and wind keep giving; a wind turbine spins again and again without using up a fuel that will run out.
和会耗尽电量的电池不同，太阳和风源源不断；风力涡轮机一次又一次地旋转，却不会用光一种会枯竭的燃料。
Efficiency: The ratio of useful output energy or work to the total input energy, often expressed as a percentage.
效率：有用的输出能量或功与总输入能量之比，通常用百分比表示。
An LED bulb turning most of the electrical energy into light is very efficient; an old filament bulb wastes a lot as heat, which makes it less efficient.
LED灯泡把大部分电能转化为光，效率很高；老式白炽灯会把大量电能白费成热量，所以效率较低。
Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred,
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