📚 Year 7 Edexcel English: Quick Reference Handbook of Key Rules and Techniques | Year 7 Edexcel 英语：关键规则与技巧速查手册
Welcome to your Year 7 Edexcel English pocket handbook. This guide distils the essential 'formulas' of English — word classes, sentence blueprints, punctuation laws, tense patterns, literary devices, and writing frameworks — into quick-reference pairs. Use it to decode unseen texts, construct accurate sentences, and sharpen your analytical writing for Edexcel assessments.
欢迎使用 Year 7 Edexcel 英语速查手册。这本指南把英语的核心“公式”——词类、句子蓝图、标点法则、时态模式、文学手法和写作框架——浓缩为快速查阅的双语对照条目。用它来破解陌生文本、构造准确句子，并为 Edexcel 测评打磨分析性写作。
1. Parts of Speech | 词类
Every English word belongs to one of eight categories, called parts of speech. Recognising them helps you build and vary sentences deliberately.
每个英语单词都属于八大词类之一。识别词类能帮助你刻意地构建和变化句子。
Noun — A naming word for a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g. teacher, river, courage). Proper nouns like London or Emma always begin with a capital letter.
名词 (Noun) — 表示人、地点、事物或概念的词（如 teacher, river, courage）。专有名词如 London 或 Emma 首字母必须大写。
Pronoun — A word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition (e.g. she, him, they, it). Pronouns must agree with the noun they stand for in number and gender.
代词 (Pronoun) — 替代名词以免重复的词（如 she, him, they, it）。代词必须与所指名词在单复数和性别上一致。
Verb — A doing, being, or having word (e.g. run, is, have). Every clause needs at least one verb. Action verbs show physical or mental activity; linking verbs connect the subject to a description.
动词 (Verb) — 表示动作、状态或拥有的词（如 run, is, have）。每个分句至少需要一个动词。行为动词展示身体或心理活动；连系动词将主语与描述连接起来。
Adjective — A word that describes a noun or pronoun, telling which, how many, or what kind (e.g. bright, three, curious). Adjectives usually come before the noun or after a linking verb.
形容词 (Adjective) — 修饰名词或代词，说明哪一个、多少或什么样（如 bright, three, curious）。形容词通常位于名词前或连系动词后。
Adverb — A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, often ending in -ly (e.g. quickly, very, yesterday). It answers how, when, where, or to what extent.
副词 (Adverb) — 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，常以 -ly 结尾（如 quickly, very, yesterday）。它回答“如何”“何时”“何地”或“到什么程度”。
Preposition — A word that shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word (e.g. in, on, under, before). A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and its object.
介词 (Preposition) — 表明名词/代词与另一词之间关系的词（如 in, on, under, before）。介词短语由介词及其宾语构成。
Conjunction — A joining word. Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) link equal parts; subordinating conjunctions (e.g. because, although, when) begin dependent clauses.
连词 (Conjunction) — 连接词。并列连词（FANBOYS：for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so）连接对等成分；从属连词（如 because, although, when）引导从句。
Interjection — A word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or surprise, often followed by an exclamation mark (e.g. Wow! Oh no!). Use interjections sparingly in formal writing.
感叹词 (Interjection) — 表达强烈情感或惊讶的词或短语，常带感叹号（如 Wow! Oh no!）。在正式写作中应谨慎使用感叹词。
2. Sentence Structures | 句子结构
English sentences are built from clauses. A clause contains a subject and a verb. Understanding clause types lets you control rhythm and complexity.
英语句子由分句构成。一个分句包含主语和动词。理解分句类型能让你掌控节奏和复杂程度。
Simple sentence — One independent clause. Example: The cat sat on the mat. It expresses a complete thought with a single subject-verb pair, though the subject or verb may be compound.
简单句 — 一个独立分句。例句：The cat sat on the mat. 它用一个主谓结构表达完整意思，但主语或动词可以是复合的。
Compound sentence — Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction and a comma, or by a semicolon. Example: I wanted to play outside, but it started to rain.
并列句 — 用逗号加并列连词，或用分号连接的两个独立分句。例句：I wanted to play outside, but it started to rain.
Complex sentence — One independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Example: Although she was tired, she finished her homework. The dependent clause cannot stand alone.
复合句 — 一个独立分句加至少一个从属分句。例句：Although she was tired, she finished her homework. 从属分句不能独立成句。
Sentence variety formula: Mix simple, compound, and complex sentences for engaging writing.
句型变化公式：交替使用简单句、并列句和复合句，使写作引人入胜。
3. Punctuation Marks | 标点符号
Punctuation acts like road signs, guiding the reader through your ideas. Mastering these marks makes your writing precise and easy to follow.
标点符号像路标一样，引导读者理解你的思路。掌握这些符号能让你的写作准确易懂。
Full stop (.) — Ends a declarative or imperative sentence. It signals a full stop in thought. Always place it directly after the last word, with one space before the next sentence.
句号 (.) — 用于陈述句或祈使句的结尾，表示思想的完全停顿。紧跟在最后一个词后，与下一句之间空一格。
Comma (,) — Separates items in a list, sets off introductory phrases, and separates non-essential information. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses.
逗号 (,) — 分隔列表项、分开引导性短语、隔离非必要信息。在连接两个独立分句的并列连词前使用逗号。
Question mark (?) — Ends a direct question. Do not use it for reported questions: She asked whether I was coming.
问号 (?) — 用于直接疑问句末尾。间接疑问句不用：She asked whether I was coming.
Exclamation mark (!) — Shows strong emotion or urgency. Use sparingly in academic writing; one per paragraph at most.
感叹号 (!) — 表示强烈情感或紧迫性。在学术写作中请节制使用，每段最多一个。
Apostrophe (') — Shows possession (Lucy's book) or contraction (don't = do not). Its/it's is a common trap: its shows possession, it's means it is.
撇号 (') — 表示所有格（Lucy's book）或缩约（don't = do not）。注意 its 是物主代词，it's 是 it is 的缩写。
Quotation marks (" " or ' ') — Enclose direct speech or quoted words. In British English, single quotation marks are common for primary quotes, with double inside for quotes within quotes.
引号 (" " 或 ' ') — 标示直接引语或引用文字。英式英语中常用的是一层单引号，内部引语用双引号。
4. Verb Tenses | 动词时态
Tenses locate an action in time. Edexcel Year 7 expects you to control the present, past, and future forms, and to recognise the progressive and perfect aspects.
时态将动作定位在时间轴上。Edexcel Year 7 要求你掌握现在、过去和将来形式，并能识别进行体和完成体。
| Tense | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Subject + base verb (+s/es for he/she/it) | She writes every day. |
| Present Progressive | Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing | She is writing now. |
| Simple Past | Subject + past form (regular -ed) | She wrote yesterday. |
| Past Progressive | Subject + was/were + verb-ing | She was writing when I arrived. |
| Present Perfect | Subject + has/have + past participle | She has written three pages. |
| Simple Future | Subject + will + base verb | She will write tomorrow. |
Irregular past forms (e.g. go → went, buy → bought) must be memorised. Use the present perfect to connect past actions to the present moment, often with since or for.
不规则动词的过去式（如 go → went, buy → bought）必须熟记。用现在完成时连接过去动作与现在，常搭配 since 或 for。
5. Literary Devices: The Writer's Toolkit | 文学手法：作家的工具箱
Writers use specific techniques to create effects. Naming these devices and explaining their impact is a key skill for written analysis in Edexcel English.
作家运用特定技巧来创造效果。说出手法名称并解释其影响，是 Edexcel 英语书面分析的关键技能。
Simile — A comparison using 'like' or 'as'. The clouds were like cotton wool. It makes imagery vivid and helps the reader visualise unfamiliar things.
明喻 (Simile) — 用 'like' 或 'as' 的比喻。云朵像棉絮一样。 它让意象生动，帮助读者将陌生事物可视化。
Metaphor — A direct comparison stating one thing is another. The classroom was a zoo. Metaphors can create strong, memorable images without slowing the description with 'like'.
暗喻 (Metaphor) — 直接说甲是乙的比喻。教室是个动物园。 暗喻无需用 'like' 就能创造强烈且难忘的画面。
Personification — Giving human qualities to inanimate objects or ideas. The wind whispered through the trees. It builds atmosphere and emotional connection.
拟人 (Personification) — 把人的品质赋予无生命物或抽象概念。风在树间低语。 它能营造氛围和情感联结。
Alliteration — Repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginnings of words. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. It adds rhythm, mood, or humour.
头韵 (Alliteration) — 词首辅音重复。Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. 增添了节奏感、情绪或幽默。
Onomatopoeia — Words that imitate sounds. buzz, crash, sizzle. They make descriptions noisy and energetic, pulling the reader into the scene.
拟声词 (Onomatopoeia) — 模仿声音的词。buzz, crash, sizzle. 让描写充满声响和活力，将读者拉进场景。
Hyperbole — Deliberate exaggeration for effect. I have told you a million times. It can convey strong emotion or humour, but must be recognisable as overstatement.
夸张 (Hyperbole) — 为产生效果而刻意夸大。我跟你说了一百万次了。 可以传达强烈情绪或幽默，但必须让人看出是夸大。
6. Figurative vs. Literal Language | 修辞语言与字面语言
Every reader must distinguish between what is literally true and what is figuratively implied. Edexcel extracts often mix both, and exam questions reward precise explanation of figurative meaning.
每位读者都必须区分字面意义和修辞隐含意义。Edexcel 选文常混合两者，试卷看重对修辞意义的准确解释。
Literal language means exactly what it says. The temperature was 30 °C. There is no hidden layer. Factual texts and procedural writing rely on literal language.
字面语言 说话算话。气温 30 °C。 没有隐藏含义。说明性和程序性文字依赖字面语言。
Figurative language uses figures of speech to create layers of meaning. The sun smiled down on us. It does not literally smile; the figurative meaning suggests warmth and cheerfulness.
修辞语言 通过修辞手段创造多层含义。太阳对我们微笑。 太阳不会真的微笑；修辞意义传达出温暖和欢快。
When you analyse a poem or story, ask: 'Is this literal, or does it stand for something else?' This habit transforms reading into interpretation.
分析诗歌或故事时，问自己：“这是字面意思，还是象征别的东西？”这个习惯能把阅读变为诠释。
7. Reading Comprehension Strategies | 阅读理解策略
Tackling an unseen text becomes manageable when you have a set of deliberate strategies. Use these to locate information, infer ideas, and synthesise meaning.
当你拥有一套针对性策略时，破解陌生文本就变得容易了。用它们来定位信息、推断观点、综合意义。
Skimming — Quickly run your eyes over titles, headings, first sentences of paragraphs, and final lines to grasp the overall topic and text type. This primes your brain for deeper reading.
略读 (Skimming) — 快速扫读标题、小标题、段落首句和结尾句，抓住整体话题和文本类型。这为深层阅读做好准备。
Scanning — Search for specific keywords, numbers, names, or dates. Let your eyes dart across the text without reading every word. Useful for fact-retrieval questions.
寻读 (Scanning) — 搜寻特定的关键词、数字、人名或日期。让视线掠过文本，无需逐字阅读。适合信息提取题。
Inference — Read between the lines. Combine textual clues with your own knowledge. If a character shivers and pulls a coat tighter, you infer they are cold even if it is not stated.
推断 (Inference) — 读出字里行间的意思。结合文本线索和自身知识。如果一个人物在发抖并裹紧外套，即使文中未明说，你也可以推断他很冷。
Summarising — Condense a paragraph or whole text into one or two sentences using only the main ideas. Strip away examples and repetition. This proves comprehension.
总结 (Summarising) — 把一段或整篇文本浓缩成一两句话，只保留主要观点。剔去事例和重复内容。这能证明你理解了。
8. PEEL Paragraph Writing | PEEL 段落写作
The PEEL framework turns a basic idea into a full analytical paragraph. It mimics the 'formula' for extended writing that Edexcel markers look for.
PEEL 框架能把一个基本观点发展为完整的分析段落。它模仿了 Edexcel 考官期待的“公式化”展开写作。
- P – Point: State your main argument in one clear sentence. The writer uses a metaphor to establish tension.
- E – Evidence: Support the point with a direct quotation or close reference. 'The sky was a bruised purple.'
- E – Explain: Analyse how the evidence proves your point. Discuss the effect on the reader. The colour 'bruised' suggests injury and foreboding, making the reader uneasy.
- L – Link: Connect back to the question or forward to the next paragraph. This ominous tone continues in the following description of the setting.
- P – 观点 (Point)：用一句清晰的话陈述主要论点。作者用暗喻建立紧张感。
- E – 证据 (Evidence)：用直接引语或紧密引述支撑观点。'天空是瘀青般的紫色。'
- E – 解释 (Explain)：分析证据如何证明你的观点。讨论对读者的影响。'瘀青'一词暗示了伤害和不祥，让读者感到不安。
- L – 连接 (Link)：回扣题目或引出下一段。这种不祥的语气延续到了随后的环境描写中。
Practice PEEL with shorter texts before applying it to essays. The framework also works for persuasive writing by replacing 'Evidence' with a reason or example.
先在短文上练习 PEEL，再应用到论文中。该框架也适用于说服性写作，只需将“证据”替换为理由或例子。
9. Spelling Rules and Patterns | 拼写规则与模式
Accurate spelling builds credibility. Many English spelling rules have exceptions, but these trusted patterns will catch the majority of words you use in Year 7 writing.
准确拼写能建立可信度。许多英语拼写规则有例外，但掌握以下可靠模式能涵盖 Year 7 写作中的大部分单词。
'i' before 'e' except after 'c' — This rule helps with words like believe, receive, but watch out for exceptions such as ancient, weird, science (which is itself a case where 'i' follows 'c' in a 'sh' sound.)
'i' 在 'e' 前，除非前有 'c' — 此规则适用于 believe, receive 等单词，但要注意例外如 ancient, weird, science（其中 'c' 后发 'sh' 音时 'i' 在前）。
Doubling consonants — When adding a suffix beginning with a vowel to a one-syllable word ending with consonant-vowel-consonant, double the final consonant. run → running, big → bigger.
双写辅音 — 在以辅音-元音-辅音结尾的单音节词后加元音开头的后缀时，双写最后的辅音。run → running, big → bigger.
Drop the 'e' — When adding a vowel suffix, drop the silent 'e'. make → making, write → writing. But keep the 'e' when adding a consonant suffix: graceful, safety.
去掉不发音的 'e' — 加元音后缀时，去掉不发音的 'e'。make → making, write → writing. 但加辅音后缀时保留 'e'：graceful, safety.
Change 'y' to 'i' — When adding a suffix to a word ending in consonant + 'y', change 'y' to 'i' unless the suffix begins with 'i'. happy → happiness, but carry → carrying.
'y' 变 'i' — 在以“辅音 + y”结尾的词后加后缀时，将 'y' 变为 'i'，除非后缀以 'i' 开头。happy → happiness, 但 carry → carrying.
10. Prefixes and Suffixes | 前缀与后缀
Knowing common word parts unlocks the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary. Edexcel texts often contain words built from these roots, and recognising them improves both reading and spelling.
掌握常见构词成分能解锁生词的含义。Edexcel 文本常含由这些词根构成的单词，识别它们能提升阅读和拼写能力。
Prefixes are added to the beginning of a root word. un- means not (unhappy), re- means again (rewrite), pre- means before (preview), dis- means opposite of or not (disagree).
前缀 加在词根开头。un- 表示“不”（unhappy），re- 表示“再次”（rewrite），pre- 表示“在…前”（preview），dis- 表示“相反”或“不”（disagree）。
Suffixes are added to the end. -ful means full of (joyful), -less means without ( Published by TutorHao | Year 7 English Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图