📚 Year 7 Edexcel History: Key Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 Edexcel 历史：核心词汇速记指南
Mastering key historical vocabulary is essential for Year 7 Edexcel History students. This guide provides a quick memory aid for the most important terms covering medieval Britain from 1066 to 1509. By understanding these words, you will be better equipped to analyse sources, spot bias, and write convincing essays with precise language.
掌握关键的历史词汇对 Edexcel 七年级历史学生至关重要。本指南提供了一份涵盖 1066 年至 1509 年中世纪英国最重要术语的速记帮助。理解这些词语，你将能更好地分析史料、发现偏见，并用准确的语言写出有说服力的文章。
1. Time and Chronology | 时间与年表词汇
Chronology means the arrangement of events in the order they happened. Historians always put things in time order to understand cause and effect.
Chronology（年代顺序） 指按照事件发生的先后顺序排列。历史学家总是按时间顺序梳理事件，以理解因果关系。
BC (Before Christ) is used for years before the traditional birth year of Jesus Christ. For example, the Romans invaded Britain in 55 BC. AD (Anno Domini) means 'in the year of our Lord' and is used for years after Christ's birth.
BC（公元前） 用于耶稣基督传统出生年份之前的年份，例如罗马人在公元前 55 年入侵不列颠。AD（公元） 意为“主的年份”，用于基督诞生之后的年份。
Century refers to a period of 100 years. The 11th century covers the years 1001–1100. A decade is 10 years, a millennium is 1000 years.
Century（世纪） 指 100 年的时期。11 世纪涵盖 1001–1100 年。Decade（十年） 是 10 年，millennium（千年） 是 1000 年。
2. Sources and Evidence | 史料与证据
A primary source is a piece of evidence created at the time of the event, such as a diary, coin, or castle remains. It gives a first-hand account.
Primary source（一手史料） 是事件发生时产生的证据，如日记、硬币或城堡遗迹。它提供了第一手记录。
A secondary source is created later by someone who did not experience the event, like a textbook or a documentary. Historians use both to build interpretations.
Secondary source（二手史料） 是由未经历该事件的人后来制作的，如教科书或纪录片。历史学家综合二者来构建历史解读。
Reliability asks: can we trust this source? A bias is a one-sided view that can make a source less reliable. Provenance is the origin or background of a source (who, when, why).
Reliability（可靠性） 问：我们能信任这份材料吗？Bias（偏见） 是一种片面的观点，会降低史料的可信度。Provenance（出处） 指史料的来源背景（谁、何时、为什么制作）。
3. Medieval Society | 中世纪社会
The Feudal System was a way of organising people based on land and loyalty. The king gave land to barons, who in turn gave land to knights, and peasants worked the land. It was a hierarchy.
Feudal System（封建制度） 是一种基于土地和忠诚的社会组织方式。国王将土地封给男爵，男爵再封给骑士，农民耕种土地。这是一种等级制度。
Hierarchy means a system where people are ranked one above the other. In medieval England, the king was at the top, then nobles, knights, and finally peasants at the bottom.
Hierarchy（等级体系） 指人们按高低排列的制度。在中世纪英格兰，国王居顶，其次是贵族、骑士，最后是底层的农民。
Peasant or villein: a poor farmer who worked on the lord's land and was not free; they had to give labour services. Freeman could pay rent instead of working.
Peasant（农民） 或 villein（维兰农奴）：在领主土地上劳作的不自由的穷苦农民，必须服劳役。Freeman（自由人） 可以支付租金代替劳动。
4. The Norman Conquest | 诺曼征服
1066 is the key year when William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. This event changed England's language, laws, and castles.
1066 是关键之年，诺曼底公爵威廉在黑斯廷斯战役中击败了哈罗德国王。这一事件改变了英格兰的语言、法律和城堡。
The Domesday Book (1086) was a great survey ordered by William to record who owned what land and its value. It was like a medieval census for taxation.
Domesday Book（末日审判书） （1086 年）是威廉下令进行的宏大调查，记录了土地归属和价值，犹如中世纪用于征税的人口普查。
A motte-and-bailey castle was an early Norman castle built quickly with a wooden tower on a mound (motte) and an enclosed yard (bailey). It helped the Normans control the land.
Motte-and-bailey castle（城寨城堡） 是诺曼人早期快速建造的城堡，由土丘上的木塔（motte）和围栏庭院（bailey）构成，有助于诺曼人控制土地。
5. Power of the Monarch | 君主权力
Monarch means a king or queen. A hereditary monarch inherits the throne through family line. Divine right was the idea that a monarch's authority came directly from God.
Monarch（君主） 指国王或女王。Hereditary monarch（世袭君主） 通过家族血脉继承王位。Divine right（君权神授） 指君主权力直接来自上帝的观念。
Coronation is the ceremony where a monarch is crowned. It reinforced the idea of sacred kingship. Throne symbolises royal power.
Coronation（加冕礼） 是君主戴上王冠的仪式，强化了神圣王权观念。Throne（王座） 象征皇家权威。
Rebellion occurred when people or nobles rose up against the king. Medieval monarchs often faced rebellions that tested their control.
Rebellion（叛乱） 指人民或贵族起兵反抗国王。中世纪君主常面临叛乱，考验其统治。
6. The Church & Religion | 教会与宗教
The medieval Church (the Roman Catholic Church) was immensely powerful. The Pope in Rome was the head of the Church and could influence kings.
Medieval Church（中世纪教会） 即罗马天主教会，权力巨大。罗马的教皇（Pope） 是教会领袖，可以影响国王。
Excommunication meant being cut off from the Church and its sacraments, a terrifying punishment. Heresy was holding beliefs against official Church teaching.
Excommunication（绝罚） 意味着被逐出教会和圣礼，是一种可怕的惩罚。Heresy（异端） 指持有违背教会官方教义的信仰。
The Crusades were military expeditions by European Christians to regain the Holy Land from Muslim control. They symbolised the mixture of faith and warfare.
Crusades（十字军东征） 是欧洲基督徒为从穆斯林手中夺回圣地的军事远征，展现了信仰与战争的交织。
Monastery: a place where monks lived, prayed, and copied books. Monks followed strict rules.
Monastery（修道院）：修道士生活、祈祷和抄写书籍的地方。修士遵守严格的戒律。
7. The Black Death | 黑死病
The Black Death was a devastating plague that swept through Europe in 1348–49, killing around one third of England's population. It was likely bubonic plague spread by fleas on rats.
Black Death（黑死病） 是 1348–49 年席卷欧洲的毁灭性瘟疫，夺走了英格兰约三分之一人口的生命。很可能是由老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的腺鼠疫。
Buboes were painful swellings in the armpits and groin—a symptom of the disease. Pestilence is another word for a deadly epidemic.
Buboes（淋巴结肿） 是腋下和腹股沟的痛性肿胀，为该病症状。Pestilence（瘟疫） 是致命流行病的另一种说法。
The huge death toll led to a labour shortage. Peasants who survived could demand higher wages and move more freely, weakening the feudal system.
巨大的死亡人数导致劳力短缺（labour shortage）。幸存农民可以要求更高工资并更自由地流动，从而削弱了封建制度。
8. Peasants' Revolt | 农民起义
The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was a major uprising led by Wat Tyler. Peasants protested high taxes (like the Poll Tax) and the restrictions of villeinage. Marching to London, they demanded freedom.
Peasants' Revolt（农民起义） 1381 年由瓦特·泰勒领导的重大起义。农民抗议高额税收（如人头税）和维兰农奴制的束缚，向伦敦进军，要求自由。
Poll Tax was a tax that everyone had to pay regardless of wealth, causing great anger. King Richard II met the rebels and made promises he later broke.
Poll Tax（人头税） 是人人都需缴纳的税，不论贫富，引起极大愤怒。国王理查二世会见起义者并作出承诺，但事后食言。
A charter is a written document granting rights. The rebels wanted charters of freedom. The term villeinage refers to the status of being an unfree peasant bound to the lord.
Charter（特许状） 是授予权利的书面文件。起义者想要自由特许状。Villeinage（维兰农奴制） 指被束缚于领主的非自由农民身份。
9. Magna Carta & Parliament | 大宪章与议会
Magna Carta (1215) was a charter agreed by King John after baronial rebellion. It limited the king's power, stating that no free man could be imprisoned without lawful judgement. It is seen as a foundation of justice.
Magna Carta（大宪章） （1215 年）是约翰王在男爵叛乱后被迫同意的特许状。它限制了王权，规定任何自由人未经合法审判不得被监禁，被视为司法基石。
Parliament evolved from the king's great council. Gradually, it included knights and burgesses, and its consent was needed for new taxes. The Model Parliament of 1295 is an example.
Parliament（议会） 由国王的大议事会演变而来。逐渐纳入骑士和市民代表，新税需获其同意。1295 年的模范议会（Model Parliament） 即是一例。
Rule of law means the idea that everyone, including the monarch, is subject to the law. Magna Carta helped establish this principle.
Rule of law（法治） 指人人包括君主都受法律约束的观念。大宪章帮助确立了这一原则。
10. Everyday Life | 日常生活
Manor: a village and the land around it controlled by a lord. Peasants lived and worked on the manor, using commons (shared land) for grazing animals.
Manor（庄园）：由领主控制的村庄及其周边土地。农民生活在庄园上，使用commons（公地） 放牧牲畜。
Tithe was a tax of one-tenth of a peasant's produce paid to the Church. The tithe barn stored this grain.
Tithe（什一税） 是农民将出产的十分之一交给教会的税。Tithe barn（什一税仓） 用于储存这些谷物。
Guild was an association of craftsmen or merchants in a town that controlled trade, set standards, and trained apprentices. Towns grew as trade increased.
Guild（行会） 是城镇中工匠或商人的协会，控制贸易、制定标准并培训学徒。随着贸易增长，城镇扩大。
Famine meant a severe shortage of food, often caused by bad harvests or bad weather. The Great Famine of 1315–17 killed many.
Famine（饥荒） 意味着严重的粮食短缺，常由歉收或恶劣天气引起。1315–17 年的大饥荒导致许多人死亡。
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